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අස්වස් respiration, අල slum, එලඹි haring approached, අසි sword, finish, expire, end, a plunder.

Note also, that the following respectively result from a substitution of eo for es, and by the incorporation of the preposition අ—e. g. හැරැබ and ඇරැබ haring begun; භමුand අමු facing ; හ‍ාර and අසර calk; හසල and අසල conformable to etiquette; and q withered, enclosed, bent; wɩçróï☎ or que repeating, preaching.*

Note further, that we have, in the following instances,† the

* Thus හැර from සරබ්භ; ඇරැබ from ආරබ්භ; හමු from සම්මුඛ; අමු from ආමුඛ; හසර from සචාර; අසර from ආචාර, හසල from සංවත; අසල from ආචරිත; හැකිලි from සංකූචිත; ඇකිල from ආකූචිත; ගැදෑරුම් from සජ් ඣායන and ඇද

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from In one case the is substituted for , and in the other the is not a substitute, but is added to the root for the sake of euphony. The words in the text are derived from the Pali words above given; and it is remarkable that the Pali words themselves take ➡ for the sake of euphony:-Thus and the prefix ; as in the following English words which take a, ab or abs; e. g. avert from verto "to turn from; " absolve from so'ro "to loose; "abstract from traho "to draw;" &c.

stands for Sanscrit. Strictly

In the second ex

+ Grammarians have no-where stated that the is changed into 4, or any other vowel sound. The writer of the Sidath'sangerawe, however, quotes two passages from books of authority (the first from Asakda, and the last from Mayoroosandaysey) to shew that we have the sanction of Pundits for such a use. Thus, the expression 6 red, and 4, hand, the latter being derived from speaking, therefore, it should be and not . ample හත්වත, Sunset stands for අත්වත, derived from අස්ත Sanserit, or Pali. Thus also frequently, in colloquial intercourse amongst the natives, some of the words which are changed for into, are also changed into other vowels; e. f. සමද, හැමද, ඇමද—සැඳින; හැඳින, ඇඳින—සොබි, හොබි, ඔබි—සිඹ, හිඹ, ඉඹ — සුල්, හුල්, උල්—සිඟුරු, හිඟුරු, ඉඟුරු :සුරු, හුරු, ඌරු—සන්, හන්, අන්—සෙළු, හෙළු, එළු &c. &c. For the derivation of the

word Elu-See Introduction.

authority of Scholars for a usage contrary to the above: e. g. ර තත දි දී ඉහිල් ව ස නතුරෙන් රසන්දම් :

කියව කර හල ලා පැ හැ බර දි ශු නු

වන්ලා

Speak (thou): by fixing (thy) deep-coloured long eyes; by moving thy neck, and protruding thy red hand through thy loose robes which are secured by a girdle.

කල

වන් බිඟු මහත් වන හිරු හත්වත

Great is the sable colour of bees after sunset.

End of the first Chapter.

It is perhaps not out of place here, before we enter upon the second chapter, to notice, that in writing the Singhalese, care must be taken to use only those letters which are peculiar to it (vide Introduction), except indeed when words are derived from the Sanscrit and the Pali, in which case it would be proper to use foreign letters. Thus, in the Viògaratna' mala, çaɔ, diam vand—The lovely sound is felt as that of the Curlew, and Cuckoo ;'- and are proper, be cause the words and are either Sanscrit or Pali words.

But චි as in උන්චිල්ලා is incorrectly written for the din උන්සිල්ලා; also we in cm, is a corruption of the word in, I shall go, &c. According to some teachers, in writing the Sanscrit and Pali in Singhalese characters, the symbols of the short vowels, and, incorporated with consonants, frequently assume the long sounds of, and. Thus, in the selection which we have made for our title page,

" ඒ (ඒ) කංශාස්ත්‍ර මධියානො (නෝ) නවීද්‍යාච්ඡාස්ත්‍ර නිශ්චයං"

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He who studies but one science knows it not precisely.—A few other peculiarities in the Singhalese spelling will be found noticed elsewhere.

CHAPTER II.

On Permutation.

23. The combination of two letters, that is to say, the fusion of the initial letter of a word into the final of another

සඳ,

is called es, Permutation: in effecting which, the elision and substitution of letters must be learned by attention to the usage of the learned.

a.

e. g.

වීදුරු and අවියේ being combined produce විදුරවියේ, diamond instrument; and, ∞ɔ long-life: E and gyối, E day-splendour; and &, බමර and උදුල, බමරදුල bees-splendour;

and ɔ,

gold swing; නොමර and ඌල්,

නොමරල් nsandy-spring ; සඳ and එව්, සඳෙව් moom-like ; යල and ඒහි, යලේහි and there; පහර and ඔත; පහරොත fallen-blow; sound-echoing; &c. In each of the above examples, the vowel sound inherent in the first of the two combining letters is taken away by the substitution of the second which is also a vowel: hence the combination is called-Permutation by the elision of the first vowel.

b. ඌලේ and උසුම් being combined produce ඌලේසුම්, hot-season; සූ and උස්මෙන්, සුස්මෙන් great heat; ති and අයුහු, තියුනු tree ills; වැටු and අසිපත, වැටු සිපත ouring sword. This is called, Permutation by the elision of the second vowel.

C. පස් and ඇස් being combined produce පසැස්, fiveeyes: here, although no vowel sound is entirely taken away, yet the same is melted in the consonant (by the proper mark of the vowel). Hence this is called, Permutation of vowels. d. Where in compounding words, an entirely new vowel sound is substituted for an existing one it is called Permutation by substitution of vowels. Thus and go being compounded produce a great-renown (an appella

tion for Sira); මග and උර, මොහොර great-rampart; ලඹ

and cçó, changing-bellied; &c. are produced by the substitution of,, and for 4, 8, and respectively. C

e. In the following words or as is substituted for the second letter in combination, which is . Thus and කරූ produce අත්වරං manufacturer; සිත් and කර, සිනන්වරු * painter; මගන and කම්, මහනුවම් sacerdotal duties; දඬු and කම්, දඬුවම් carpentry or punishment; ගිනි and කම්, ගිනියම් heat or fiery, &c. And in the following, the letters - and are respectively substituted for and c. Thus, and පිල්, කප්පිල් ornamented pillar or golden chair; කැ සුටු and පොතු, කැසුප්පොතු tortoise shell; ලැබූ and හාර ඟ, ලප්නාර ඟ citron ; හෙබ and තොට, හෙම්තොට name of a ferry; සුදු and බත්, සුබත් white rice; බුදු and සරණ, බුත්සරණ Budha's feet, or Budha's protection. The above is called Permutation by the substitution of consonants.

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f. The next is called, Permutation by reduplicating the first letter; අත් and කම් produce අත්තම් manufacture; වත් and කම්, වම් cleverness; ගෙත් and කම්, ගෙත්තම් weaving; පන් and කම්, පන්නම් leaf-weaving; and විස් and කම්, විස් es wondrous work.

g. Compounds produced by the removal of ∞ and ☎, and by the substitution of o are called, Permutation by the elision of consonants. Thus and produce o forest river; වග and මුතු, වංමුතු the cyprus rotundus (a medicinal plant);මුඟු and බියලි, මුංබිසලි split peas; නෙළුඹු and මල්, නෙළුම්මල් Lotus flowers; අඹ and මල්, අම්මල් Mango flowers.

h. Where in the coalition of words ∞, , or 6 is introduced without the omission of the letters compounded, this

According to the usage of the Singhalese language at the present day, some of these words are spelt differently; e. g. is frequently but incorrectly written චිත්තරr, or more properly සිත්තරු : also the word which occurs at § 23 g. is, at the present day, an

unintelligible expression for අඹමල් - කා සපොත is commonly

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written ; and is incorrectly spelt o මල් or නෙළුන්මල්.

C

is called Permutation by substitution. Thus 88 and 9, produce පිරියත් end; මී and අඟණ, මියුගුණ (name of a place ) සිපි and එව්, සිපියෙව් like a scientific person; ද and අඟ, දුවඟ two-fold; 6 and qon, óvó form and without form; and අඟ, තුනු ඟ tlin body; පුන and උත්, පුනරුත් tautology; නි and ඔද, නිරොද sap-less.

i. Permutation by the reduplication of letters is where in the coalition of letters the first loses its inherent vowel sound, and the same becomes doubled in place of the second. Thus වැලි and අවුරු, වැල්ලවුරු sundy-embankment; හෙලිල් and අඹු, හෙලිල්ලඹු fair-cife; තඹපළු and එන්, තඹ පල්ලෙන් with or by-means-of-tender-leaves; and e, mence කුළු එව්, කුල්ලෙව් raft-like.

End of the second Chapter.*

*The above chapter headed

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treats of the Permutation of letters; whereas the fifth chapter (vide infra) is devoted to a consideration of combinations of words. In both, the Sanscrit Rules are nearly the same as those in the Singhalese; and that will be a sufficient reason for the introduction of the following paragraph from Mr. Wilson's Sanscrit Grammar, p. 7. "Sandi-Combination of letters. Contrivances for avoiding the concurrence of harsh or incongruous sounds, or the unpleasing hiatus which arises from keeping sounds apart that are disposed to coalesce, are not wanting in all languages. They are in general, however, rather poetical or prosodial than grammatical; such as the elision of a final e before an initial e in such a concurrence as the etherial height of heaven," which it was formerly the fashion to write, as the measure demanded, "th' etherial;" to say nothing of the Synalepha, and ecthlipsis of Latin verse, "Monster" horrend' inform' ingens," &c. Other instances of a regard for euphony, however, do occur independent of prosody, and especially in Greek, in which many of the euphonic changes are analogous to those provided for in Sanscrit. In no language has the subject, however, been so systematically investigated as in Sanscrit; and the changes to which letters are subject for the sake of euphony are numerous and carefully defined, forming that part of Sanscrit Grammar which is termed Sandhi, 'a holding together' 'a junction; or Sanhitá, 'an association,' 'a conjunction either being derived from the verb compounded of the preposition, cum and dha, to have. 'to hold.'"

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