For somel, we know, affect to shun the light,zW Lost in fore'd figures, and involyld in night he Studious Studious and and bent b to leave the common way,
They shuulk in darkness, and abhor the dayote brA Qhilstay the sacred Nine inspire most days as W To shines with pride in their own native rays in a For this we need not importune the skies, bllequi In Mysown power and will the blessing liesiona ail Expressions boundless in in extent, extent, displays displa b'no A thousand forms, a thousand several wayssano In different garbs from different quarters, brought, T It makes unnumber'd dresses for a thoughtsy bo Such vast varieties of hues we find aid a'moital no To paint conception, and unfoldsbemindaharov If e'er you toil, but toil without suecess, idgien OT To give your images a shining dress, blos and diw Quit your pursuits and choose a different ways ni Till, breaking forth, the voluntaryeray zuoίτως αυτ Cuts thinthick darkness, and lets down the day,
Since then a thousand forms you may pursue A thousand figures rising to the vieweda aivan ee Unless confiu'd and straiten'd in your scheme, o With the short limits of a scanty theme, dgov From these to those with boundless freedom pass, And to each image give a different face, zinow H The readem hence a wondrous pleasure find, kes That charms the ear, and captivates the mind In this the laws of Nature we obey, ist dei vi And act as her example points the way, abad hak Which has on every different species throwni A shape distinct and figure of its own; ad Man differs from the beast that haunts the woods, The bird from every native of the floodszone and
See how the poet banishes with graceit bisl haA A native term to give a stranger place?d stir indT From different images with just success you alsdW He clothes his matter in the borrow'd dress: The borrow'd dress the things themselves admire, Andwonder whence they drew the strange attire Proud of their ravish'd spoils, they now disclaim Their former colour, and their genuine name,no Androin another garb more beauteous grown, sasd T Prefer the foreign babit to their ownommi god of Oft, as he paints a battle on the plainga bajai 19 The battle's imaged by the roaring maingays diw Now he the fight a fiery delige names.Jassim dai W That pours along the fields a fired of Games; In airy conflictinovetheminds appearg and is ba Alarm the deeps, and wage the stormy warisa of To the fierce shock th' embattled tempests pour, T Wavesecharge on waves, th' encountering billows
roamed odi ot tomb basasodi A
Thus in a varyld dress the subject shiness sans By turns the objects shift their proper signs to H Frenishape to shape alternately thegirundorn To borroweathers' charms, and lend their own Pleas'd with the borrow'd charms, the readers find A crowd of different images combinske tash ads of Rise from a sing agle olject to the mindste et diw So the pleas'd travellery fromia mountain's brow, Views the calm surface of the seas below isshi tol Though wide beneath the floating ocean liesadw O The first immediate object of his dyesi ni allos bra He sees the forests tremble from within, And gliding meadows paint the deeps with green; While to his eyes the fair delusions pass
In gay succession through the watery glass.
Persius and Lycophrone The metaphor
Oh sire! Oh country, once with glory crown'd! Oh wretched race of Priam, once renown'd! Oh Jove! see Ilion smoking on the ground!
They now name Ceres for the golden grain, Bacchus for wine, ne, and Neptune for the main: Or from the father's name point out the son; Or for her people introduce a town:
So when alarm'd her natives dread their fates, Pale Afric shakes, and trembles through her states: And some e, by Achelous' streams alone, Comprise the Hoods of all the world in one.
Lo! now they start aside, and change the strain
To fancy'd converse with an absent swain; To grots and caverns all their cares disclose, Or tell the solitary rocks their woes; To scenes inanimate proclaim their love, Talk with an hill, or whisper to a grove. On you they call, ye unattentive woods, And wait an answer from your bordering floods. Sometimes they speak one thing, but leave bao behind
Another secret meaning in the mind : A fair expression artfully dispense, But use a word that clashes with the sense. Thus pious Helen' stole the faithful sword, While Troy was flaming, from her sleeping lord. So glorious Drances tower'd amid the plain, And pil'd the ground with mountains of the slain; Immortal trophies rais'd from squadrons killed, And with vast spoils ennobled all the field.
But now to mention farther I forbear, With what strong charms they captivate the ear; When the same terms they happily repeat, The same repeated seem more soft and sweet. This, were Arcadia judge to, if Pan withstood, Pan's judge, Arcadia, would condemn her god.
But though our fond indulgence grants the Muse A thousand liberties in different views, Whene'er you choose an image to express In foreign terms, and scorn the native dress; Yet be discreet, nor strain the point too far, Let the transition still unforc'd appear, Nor e'er discover an excess of care:
For some, we know, with aukward violence Distort the subject, and disjoint the sense; Quite change the genuine figure, and deface The native shape with every living grace; And force unwilling objects to put on An alien face, and features not their own. A low conceit in disproportion'd terms, Looks like a boy dress'd up in giant's arms; Blind to the truth, all reason they exceed, 11 Who name a stall the palace of the steed, Or grass the tresses of great Rhea's head, "Tis best sometimes an image to express In its own colours, and its native dress; The genuine words with happy care to use, If nicely cull'd, and worthy of the Muse.
Some things alternately compar'd' are shown, Both names still true, and mutually their own;
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The apostrophe.
See Æneid, Lib. VI.
The anaphora.
The catachresiş.
But now pursue the method, that affords The fittest terms, and wisest choice of words. Not all deserve alike the same regard की Nor suit the godlike labours of the 5010 For words as much may differ in degree red woe. As the most various kinds of poetrysla Though many a common term and word we find Dispers'd promiscuously through every kind mon Those that will never suit th' heroic rage,
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Might grace the buskin, and become the stage Their large, their vast variety explore With piercing eyes, and range the mighty store. From their deep fund the richest words unfold, With nicest care be rich expression cull'd, To deck your numbers in the purest gold no Bo The vile, the dark degenerate crowd refuse, And scoru a dress that would disgrace the Then, to succeed your search, pursue the road, And beat the track the glorious ancients trod. To those eternal monuments repair, There read, and meditate for ever there. If o'er the rest some mighty genius shines, Mark the sweet charms and vigour of his lines, As far as Phœbus and the heavenly powers Smile on your labours, make his diction yours: Your style by his authentic standard frame, Your voice, your habit, and address, the same. for there With him proceed to cull the rest; A full reward will justify your care. Examine all, and bring from all away Their various treasures as a lawful prey. Nor would I scruple, with a due regard, To read sometimes a rude unpolish'd bard d; ; Among whose labours I may find a line, Which from unsightly rust I may refine, And, with a better grace, adopt it into mine. How often may we see a troubled flood Stain'd with unsettled ooze and rising mud! Which (if a well the bordering natives sink) Supplies the thirsty multitude with drink. The trickling stream by just degrees refines, Till in its course the limpid current shines; And taught through secret labyrinths to flow, Works itself clear among the sands below. For nothing looks so gloomy, but will shine Prom proper care, and timely discipline; If, with due vigilance and conduct, wrought Deep in the soul, it labours in the thought. Hence on the ancients we must rest alone, And make their golden sentences our own. To cull their best expressions claims our cares, To form our notions, and our styles on theirs. See! how we bear away their precious spoils, And with the glorious dress enrich our styles Their bright inventions for our use convey, Bring all the spirit of their words away, And make their words themselves our lawful prey Unsham'd in other colours to be shown,
We speak our thoughts in accents not our own. But your design with modest caution weigh, Steal with due care, and meditate the prey. Invert the order of the words with art, And change their former scite in every part. Thus win your readers, thus deceive with grace, And let th' expression wear a different face ; Yourself at last, the glorious labour done, Will scarce discern his diction from your own.
Some, to appear of diffidence bereft, Steal in broad day, and glory in the theft When with just art, design and confidence, On the same words they graft a different sense Preserve th' unvary'd terms and order too, wo But change their former spirit for Or, with the sense of emulation bol With ancient bards a glorious contest hold: Their richest spoils triumphant they explore, Which, rang'd with better grace, they varnish o'er, And give them charms they never knew before. So trees, that change their soils, more proudly rise, And lift their spreading honours to the skies; And, when transplanted, nobler fruits produce, Exalt their nature, and ferment their juice. A So Troy's fam'd chief the Asian empire bore, With better omens, to the Latian shore; Though from thy realm, O Dido, to the sea Call'd by the gods reluctantly away Nor the first nuptial pleasures could control The fixt, the stubborn purpose of his sone avv Unhappy queen! thy woes suppress'd thy breath; Thy cares pursued thee, and surviv'd in death. Had not the Dardan fleet thy kingdom sought, Thy life had shone unsully'd with a fault.
Come then, ye youths, and urge your generous
Come strip the ancients, and divide the spoils Your hands have won-but shun the fault of such, Who with fond rashness trust themselves too much. For some we know, who, by their pride betray'd, With vain contempt reject a foreign aid; Who scorn those great examples to obey, Nor follow where the ancients point the way. While from the theft their cautious hands refrain,
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New terms no laws forbid us to inducвратим To coin a word, and sanctify to use; But yet admit no words into the song, [sprung; Unless they prove the stock from whence they Poim out their family, their kindred trace, w And set to view the series of their face But where you find your native tongue too poor, Transport the riches of the Grecian store; Inform the lump, and work it into grace; And with new life inspire th' anwieldy mass Till, chang'd by discipline, the word puts on A foreign nature, and forgets its own. So Latium's language found a rich increase, And grew and flourish'd from the wealth of Greece; Till use, in time, had rified Argos stores, And brought all Athens to th' Hesperian shores.
How many words from rich Mycenæ come, Of Greek extraction, in the dress of Rome, That live with ours, our rights and freedom claim, Their nature different, but their looks the same? Through Latium's realms, in Latium's garb they go, At once her strangers, and her natives too. Long has her poverty been fled, and long -With native riches has she grac'd her tongue. Nor search the poets only but explores an Diqqete Immortal Tully's inexhausted stores sto And other authors, born in happier days usd Shall answer all your wants, and beautify your lays Oft, in old bards, a verser above the rest old elt) Shines, in barbarie spoils and trophies drests cod Thus Gaul, her victor's triumph to complete, Supplies those words that paint her own defeat; W And vanquish'd Macedon, to tell her doom, 2 to Gives up her language with her arms to Rome)58 Then can we fear with groundless diffidences T A want of words that shall express our sense Paw
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But, if compell'd by want, you may produce And bring an autiquated word in use. A word erst well-receiy'd in days of yorejoiga: A word our old forefathers us'd before del Well-pleas'd the reader's wonder to engagedia He brings our grandsires habit on the stage, And garbs that whilom grac'd an uncouth age Yet must not such appear in every place 3 When rang'd too thick, the poem they disgrace. Since of new words such numbers you command, Deal out the old ones with a sparing hand
12 Whene'er your images can lay no claimed a To a fix'd term, and want a certain name;iž To paint one thing, the licens'd bard affords w A pompous circle, and a crowd of words. bw
Two plighted words in one with grace appear, When they with ease glide smoothly o'er the car. Two may embrace at once, but seldom more, Nor verse can bear the mingled shape of four; No triple monsters dwell on Latium's shore.. When mixt with smooth, these harsher strains are
We start with horrour at the frightful sound gopi T The Grecian bards, in whom such freedoms please, May match with more success such words as these; Heap hills on hills, and bid the structure rise, al Till the vast pile of mountains prop the skics.
Through every part most diligently pierce, And weigh the sound and sense of every senes Unless your strictest caution you display, Some words may lead the heedless bardavay; Steal from their duty, and desert their post, And skulkvių darkness, indolently losty ignola A Or, while their proper parts their fellows ply, Contribute mought but sondhand harmony Thisto prevent, consule your words; and know How far thein strength extent and mature go To all their charges and their labours fit To all their several province of witsc Without this carep the poem will abound With empty noise, and impotence of sound; Unimeaning terms will crowd in every part, Play round the ear, but never reach the heart. Yet would I sometimes venture to disperse Some words, whose splendour should adorn my
Diverse quomodesta 19
(Words, that to wit and thought have no pretence, And rather vehicles of sound than sense; Till in the gorgeous dress the dines appear, And court with gentle harmony the ear. Nor with too fond a care such words pursue, They meet your sight and rise in every view. Oft, from its chains the shackled verse unloose, And give it liberty to walk in prose; Then be the work renew'd with endless pain, And join with care the shatter'd parts again; The lurking faults and errours you may see, When the words run unmanacled and free. Attend, young bard, and listen while I sing; Lo unlock the Muse's sacred spring; Lo! Phœbus calls thee to his inmost shrine; Hark! in one common voice, the tuneful Nine Invite and court thee to the rites divine.
When first toman the privilege was given, To hold by verse an intercourse with Heaven, Unwilling that the immortal art should lie Cheap, and expos'd to every vulgar eye, Great Jove, to drive away the groveling crowd, To narrow bounds confind the glorious road, Which more exalted spirits may pursue, And left it open to the sacred few... For many a painful task, in every part, Claims all the poet's vigilance and art "Tis not enough his verses to complete, In measure, numbers, or determin'd feet;
What words spoever of vast hulk weview, JadW One of less size may sometimes split in teosed W|Or render things by clear expression bright,
Sometimes we separate from the wholeja purto al And prune the more luxuriant limbs with anad Thus when the names of heroes we declarelse bnk Names whose unpolish'd sounds offend the ear We add, or lop some branches which abound, τον Till the harsh accents are with smoothness crown'd, That mellows every word, and softens every sound. By such an happy change, Sioharbas cametsi na To sink his roughness in sichæushnamentAw o' Hence would I rather choose those dire alarmson Of vast Enceladus, and Heaven interms, weir son And the bold Titan's battles to rebearses eid ill Harmonious names, that glide into the verse; Sna Than count the rough, the barbarous nations o'er, Which Rome subdued of old from shore to share. Let things submit to words on no pretence, н But make your words subservient to your sensegu Nor for their sake admit a single line, 901 But what contributes to the main designaюй
And set cachbobject in a proper light
To all, proportion'd terms he must dispense, And make the sound a picture of the sense; The correspondent words exactly frame, The look, the features, and the mien, the same, His thoughts the bard must suitably express, Each in a different face, and different dress; Lest in unvary'd looks the crowd be shown, And the whole multitude appear as one. With rapid feet and wings, without delay, This swiftly flies, and smoothly skims antay: That, vast of sizes his limbs huge, broad, and strong, Moves pond'rous, and scarce drags bis bulk along. This blooms with youth and beauty in his face: And Venus breathes on every limb a grace, That, of rude form, his unponth numbers shows, Looks horrible, and frowns with his rough brows; His monstrous tail in many a fold and wind; Voluminous and vast, curls up behind At once the image and the lines appear Rude to the eye, and frightful to the ears
His blood congeal'd, and and every nerve unstrung), Then with the theme complies his artful song; Like him the solitary numbe bers towari Weak, trembling, melancholy, stiff, and a sl
See thro' her shores Trinacrialarealms rebound, Y Not so young Pyrrhus, who with rapid force
Starting and trembling at the bellowing sound; High-towering o'er the waves the mountains ride, And clash with floating mountains on the tide ) But when blue Neptune from his car surveyss baf And calms at one regard the raging sens, et mir Stretch'd like a peaceful lake the deep subsides And o'er the level light the galley glidest w to The poet's art and conduct we admirey 1991 When angry Vulcan rolls a flood of five most When on the groves and fields the deluge preys, And wraps the crackling stubbler in the blaze, n Nor less our pleasure, when the flame divides, And climbs aspiring round the caldren's sides; From the dark bottom work the waters up
Swell, boil, and hiss, and bubble to the top. Thus in smooth lines, smooth subjects we rehearse, But the rough rock roars in as rough a verse 14. If gay the subject, gay must be the song, And the brisk numbers quickly glide alonges When the fields flourish, or the skies unfold Swift from the flying hinge their gates of gold. If sad the theme, then each grave line moves slow, The mournful numbers languishingly flow, And drag, and labour, with a weight of woe. If e'er the boding bird of night, who mourns O'er ruins, desolation, graves, and unsprod With piercing screams the darkness should invade, And break the silence of the dismal shadersen to When things are small, the terms should stilt be so: For low words please us, when the theme is low.! But when some giant, horrible and grimpan Enormous in his gait, and vast in every limbe Stalks towering on; the swelling words must rise In just proportion to the monsteresizgoro's ol If some large weight his huge arms strive to shove, The verse too labours; thể thương'd words scarce AM move..aainst has en
When each stiff clod beneath the ponderous plough Crumbles and breaks th' encumber'd lines march slowde sd bwordt doof D'Vιβτης ni tesl Nor less; when pilots catch the friendly gatesonA Unfurl their shrouds, and hoist the wide-stretch'd sailse emina eldrooma bas 'asih vitve zd But if the poem suffers from delaysia 10 1259 260 Let the lines fly precipitate huayeвот внос воком And when the viper issues from the brakesideil Be quick; with stones, and brands, and fire attack His rising crest, and drive the serpentobacks
Beats down embattled armies in his course: The raging youth orn trembling Ilion falls, Bursts ber strong gates, and shakes her lofty walls; Provokes his flying courser to his speed, In full career to charge the warlike steed; He piles the field with mountains of the slain; He pours, he storms, he thunders thro' the plain, In this the poet's justest conduct lies, When with the various subjects he complies, To sink with judgment, and with judgment rise. We see him nowy remissive of his force, Glide with a low and inoffensive course; Stript of the gawdy dress of words he goes, And scarcely lifts the poem up from prose: And now he brings with loosen'd reins along All in a full career the boundless song; In wide array luxuriantly he pours
A crowd of words, and opens all his stores: The lavish eloquence redundant flows, Thick as the fleeces of the winter-snows, - When Jove invests the naked Alps, and sheds The silent tempest on their hoary heads. Sometimes the godlike fury he restrains, Checkschis impetuous speed, and draws the reins; Balanc'd and pois'd, he neither sinks nor soars, Ploughs the mid space, and steers between the TL
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And shaves the confines till, all dangers past, He shoots with joy into the port at last.
For what remainssinsung, Inow declare What claims the poet's last and strictest care. When, all adventures past, his labours tend In one epatinued order to their end When the proud victor on his conquest smiles, And safe enjoys the triumph of his toils; Let him by timely diffidence be awld Nor trust toaisoon thumpolish'd piece abroad. Ohtomayshisrash ambition neler inflame His breast, with such a dangerous thirst of fame! But let the terrour of disgrace control The warm, the partial fondness of the soul; And forces the bard to throw his passion by, Nor view his offspring with a parent's eye, 'Till his affections are by justice crost, And all the father in the judge is lost....
Send datoraid now powote hoeslis deat 13 Most of these examples are drawn word for word from Virgilius has 20000 a 14 - Sopat hæc de nare canina Littera.
He seeks his friends, nor trusts bimself alone, Butasks their judgment, and resigns his own; Begs them with ungernt prayers, to be sincere, Just and exact, and rigidly severe; Due verdict to pronounce on every thought, Nor spare the slightest shadow of a fault; But, bent against himself, and strictly nice; He thanks each critic that detects a vice;
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