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CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
THE BIRTH OF ANTHROPOLOGY
1
Anthropology-The Science of Man-Definition-Owes its
Birth to Geology-Pre-scientific Geology-Freaks of Nature-
Germs of Science among the Ancients-Lucretius-The Fortuitous
Concourse of Atoms-The Vast Periods of Geology foreshadowed
in Oriental Fables-Struggles between Faith and Reason.
CHAPTER II.
ASTRONOMICAL THEORIES.
8
Geological Facts due to Astronomical Causes still in Operation
-The Glacial Period-Theories of Croll, Lyell, Adhemar-Sir
John Lubbock, Hopkins, and Dr. John Evans on Change of
Earth's Axis-Professor Haughton-Sir W. Thompson on Rigidity
of Earth-Semi-Tropical Plants in the Arctic Region-Traces of
Glaciation in Europe, North America, India, and South Africa
-Bearing of the Glacial Epoch upon the Antiquity of Man.
CHAPTER III.
THE ANTIQUITY OF MAN
17
The unvarying Succession of Implements of Rough Stone
(Paleolithic), Polished Stone (Neolithic), Bronze, and Iron-
Age of Copper probably intervened between Neolithic and
Bronze Epochs-Geologic Measure of the Ages-Paleolithic
Tools in Egypt-Interesting Discovery by General Pitt-Rivers-
Tools of the Drift and Cavern Periods-Exploration of Kent's
Cavern by Mr. Pengelly-The French Caves-Similarity of Fauna
-Man certainly cotemporary with Extinct Animals-His Pre-
Glacial Origin still in dispute-Difference between Early and
Later Paleolithic Tools.
CHAPTER IV.
THE ORIGIN OF MAN
33
Ancient and Orthodox Belief incompatible with Modern
Discoveries-Darwin's Theory at present unproved-French
Anthropologists-Broca's Progression of Types-Ancient Beliefs
-Gradual Advance of Man-Great Chasm between Man and
Ape-The most Ancient Skulls-The Dolichocephalic (long) and
the Brachycephalic (round) Types co-existent-Monogenists and
Polygenists-Continental Discoveries of Pliocene Man not credited
by English Anthropologists-Lyell and Darwin on Man's probable
Age and Birthplace-His Slow Dispersal.
Importance of the Subject-Effects of Climate, Soil, and
Food not sufficiently studied-The Peopling of Oceanic Islands-
Darwin and Wallace on Permanence of existing Continents---The
Hypothetical Lemuria-Huxley and Flower on the Classification
of Modern Races-Latham on the Effects of Climate and Soil on
different Races-Isolation as a Preservative of Type-Pigmy
Races The Small Dark Race of Europe-Huxley's Four Types
-Probable Route of Migration of Australioids-General Pitt-
Rivers on Early Modes of Navigation-Distribution of the Great
Mongoloid Race.
CHAPTER VI.
MIGRATIONS
63
Civilized Man alone capable of ranging from the Tropics to
the Poles-Barriers to Early Migrations-The Phoenicians and
the Mammoth-Changes effected by Human Agency-Distribu-
tion of Mammals prior to the Advent of Man-Change of Habitat
consequent upon Glacial Epoch-Did Man follow the Game?—
Professor Boyd-Dawkins on the Eskimo-Early Art of the Rein-
deer Race-Its Importance-Wanderings of the River-drift Men
-The Bushmen, and other Dwarf Races of Africa-Are they also
Offshoots of Paleolithic Man ?-Neolithic Races-The Basques-
Asiatic Migrations — Wanderings of the Malayo-Polynesians
across the Pacific-Effects of Involuntary Migrations—Modern
Instance-Migrations of the Aryans-Recent Theories.
CHAPTER VII.
PRIMITIVE AGRICULTURE.
81
Agriculture the First Step towards Civilization-Probably
Originated with Women-Antiquity of Cereal Agriculture-
Native Names-Maize-Was it known in the Eastern Hemisphere
prior to Columbus ?-Turkey Corn-Ancient Cultivation in
America-Food of Ancient Egyptians-Roots and Fruits preceded
Cereals Chinese Agriculture-Moon-Worship among Agricultur-
ists-Lunar Influence on Plants-Agricultural Implements-
Bushman Digging-Sticks-The Primitive Plough-The Tribulum
of the East-Women as Agriculturists-Terraced Agriculture in
China and Peru.
Metallurgy next to Agriculture as a Civilizing Agent-Gold
the first Metal used-The Use of 'Copper-Commercial Inter-
course consequent upon Metallurgy-Serpent Worship-The
Good Serpent always connected with the Precious Metals-
Totemic Origin-Do they really store Glittering Things?—The
Nagas of India and of Egypt-Cadmus-Quetzalcoatl-Osiris-
Silver-Smelted Metal probably unknown-Indian Legend-
Melted Gold conferring Immortality-The Serpent Myth in
America-Atlantis.
CHAPTER IX.
SERPENTS AND PRECIOUS STONES
116
The Good Serpent or Dragon in Christian Times-Emblem
of Kingly Power-King Arthur-Owen's History of Serpents-
Men Serpents-Moses and the Serpent-Good and Evil Serpents
-The former the Symbol of Gods and Benefactors--The Midgard
Worm-Indian Legend-The Serpent as Guardian of Gems-
Virtues of the Guardian transferred to the Gems-Legends of
Gems-Abraham and the Ruby-The Gesta Romanorum-The
Serpent-Stone, or Bezoar-Musk as an Antidote to Snake-bites-
Sculptured Snakes rendered Tombs Sacred-Legends of Serpents
in connection with Rude Stone Monuments-The Serpent and
Sun-worship-Serpent Mounds-The Serpent Egg of the Druids,
and the Mundane Egg-The Serpent Myth of Turanian Origin—
Disseminated by Colonists of that Race.
CHAPTER X.
DIVINATION-BY THE ROD AND BY THE ARROW 140
Witch-Doctors and Diviners-Modern Dowsers-History of
the Divining-rod-Its Shape-To be cut from a Fruit-Bearing
Tree-Connection with the Sceptre and with Horns as Symbols
of Power-The Bifurcated Stick with Rings borne by many Gods
-Augury by Birds-Survival in the Wishing-Bone-Miracles
wrought by the Rod-Extreme Development of Rhabdomancy
among the Finns-Miraculous Virtues ascribed to Trees-Divin-
ation by Arrows-Used in casting Lots-Belomancy practised by
Nebuchadnezzar and by the Ancient Greeks-Lots among the
Anglo-Saxons, Hottentots and Kaffirs-Connection of Rods and
Arrows with Ancient Alphabets-Magical Virtues of Runes-
The Etruscan Tages and Greek Python-The Irish Alphabet-
Rhabdomancy and Belomancy traceable to Pre-Aryan Race-
Possibly possessed of a Power unknown to us-Subject for
Psychological Research.
CHAPTER XI.
BIRDS IN THE MYTHOLOGIES OF VARIOUS RACES
160
Birds as Symbols of Ancient Divinities—The Goose-Sacred
in India, Ceylon, Egypt, Rome, and Ancient Britain-A Turanian
Totem-Transformed into the Swan among Aryans-The Pea-
cock in India-Emblem of Juno denoting her Eastern Origin-
The Owl of Evil Augury-Minerva's Owl perhaps the Cuckoo, or
Minerva the Chief Divinity of Owl Tribe-The Phoenix-An
Astronomical Myth-The Hawk in Egypt, India, and Persia-
Fijian Legend-Mexican Bird-Serpent-The Vulture, Emblem of
Maut-Worn as Head-dress in Egypt and China--Bird of Augury
-The Cock-Symbol of Osiris and Durga-Sacred to Mars,
Apollo, and Esculapius-Of Sepulchral Significance in Etruria-
Sacrificed to the Sun in Scotland-The Dove the Bird of Venus
-Symbol of the Soul in Etruria-Connection with the Mundane
Egg-The Eagle-Special Symbol of Aryan Races-Legendary
Antipathy to Serpents denotes Race Antagonism-The Eagle in
Mexico and in India-Legend of the Mundane Egg in many
Lands.
Legends corroborated by Monumental Evidence-Dr. Daniel
Wilson's Routes of Migration-The Testimony of Canoes and
other Boats-Implements and Utensils-Rock Sculptures of Peru
-The Pottery of Peru and Hissarlik-The Symbol of the Pro-
truding Tongue-The Winged Globe of Egypt in Yucatan and
Palenque The T and Swastika - The Mexican Pyramids,
Dolmens and Rocking-Stones-Cyclopean Architecture-Earth
Mounds and Burial Customs-Monuments in Pacific Islands-
Mr. Dall on Distribution of Masks and Labrets-Shell Ornaments.
-
CHAPTER XIII.
SURGERY AND SUPERSTITION IN NEOLITHIC
TIMES
200
Trephined Skulls in Peru and Illinois-Discovery of M.
Prunières-Supposed Drinking Cup-Dr. Broca's Explanation-
His Theories-Surgical Operation for Epilepsy-Posthumous
Trephining to provide Amulets-Operation chiefly on Children.
-Performed by grating away the Substance with Flint Imple-
ment-Process described by Taxil (1603)-Incomplete Trephining
-Object, to facilitate Escape of Evil Spirit-Amulets from Tre-
phined Skulls-Rondelles found in Trephined Skulls-All French
Trephined Skulls belong to Neolithic Times-None known in
Britain-Extension to Mediæval Times-Still in use in Algeria
and Polynesia-Algerian Mode resembles that of Ancient Peru
-Belief in Efficacy of Operation-Victor Horseley's Theory-
Dr. Robert Fletcher on Pre-historic Trephining.