Introduction and Appendir,

EXPLAINING ITS RELATION TO HIS EXACT PHILOSOPHY,

AND VINDICATING THAT PHILOSOPHY, BY PROOFS THAT ALL DEPARTURES
FROM IT HAVE BEEN DEVIATIONS INTO ERROR.

BY JOHN GILLIES, LL.D.

F.R.S. & S.A. LOND. F.R.S. EDINB.

SOC. INSTIT. PARIS, ET ACAD. REGIÆ GOTTING. CORRESP.; AND
HISTORIOGRAPHER TO HIS MAJESTY FOR SCOTLAND.

Magna animi contentio adhibenda est in explicando Aristotele.

CICERO Fragment. Philosoph.

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR T. CADELL, IN THE STRAND;

AND W. BLACKWOOD, EDINBURGH,

1823.

PN
173
A7

G6

1523

LONDON:

Printed by A. & R. Spottiswoode, New-Street-Square.

CONTENTS.

INTRODUCTION TO ARISTOTLE'S RHETORIC.

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CHAP. I.

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Motives to this Work.-Growing degeneracy of Literature.

State of public Criticism. Aristotle's Rhetoric.

Its importance as a work of taste, criticism, and history.

Its connection with his other

Analysis thereof.

writings. General diffusion of these writings. History

of their reception in Asia and in Europe. - Fanciful

appendages joined to them. Corrupted by the Popish

Scholastics. Mistaken and vilified by the first Reform-

ers. Subsequent objections made to them. These

objections answered. The difficulties of the Greek

text obviated. Aristotle's consistency and accuracy

vindicated.

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CHAP. II.

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Character of Mr. Stewart's Writings. The Paris and

Edinburgh Encyclopedias. — Speculative Philosophy.

Its nature and use.—That of Aristotle, on what grounded.

His Doctrine of Causes mistaken, and misapplied, by

the Schoolmen. . His doctrine of the Association of

Ideas, or Custom, mistaken, and misapplied, by modern

Metaphysicians.-Their History.-Des Cartes, Hobbes,

Locke, Berkeley, Hume. Modern Scepticism vainly

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combated by Drs. Reid, and Beattie, Lord Kames, and

Mr. Stewart. Bacon, his supposed Reformation in

Philosophy. His real Merits.—His Physical induction

not applicable in Metaphysics.-Locke's Method, wherein

consonant to Aristotle's. Supposed consciousness of

many original principles. - Story of Sir William John-

stone and the Indians. The acknowledged necessity of

returning, in some points, from the school of Locke to

that of Aristotle. The Materialism of Diderot, Hel-

vetius, Priestley, and Darwin, anticipated and refuted by

the latter.. Transition to his Practical Philosophy.

Ethics, Politics, and Rhetoric. - The Moral Consti-

tution of Man more correctly explained by him, than

by Clarke, Shaftesbury, Hutchinson, Hume, Smith, or

Paley. Abstract and Estimate of his Philosophy. —

Conclusion.

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ARISTOTLE'S RHETORIC.

BOOK I.

Rhetoric, natural, how improved into Art. Its connection

with Logic. Use of Rhetoric.

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- Its extensive nature.

-Its artificial proofs. - Examples and Enthymemes.

Likelihoods, Signs, and Tests. Topics general and

special. Three kinds of Oratory. Principal Subjects

of National Deliberation. Analysis of National Pro-

sperity. Utility differently modified by different Forms

of Government. Demonstrative Oratory. Moral

Beauty. Sources of Eulogy. Judicial Oratory. -

Human Action, seven causes thereof. Injuries.

Laws Written and Unwritten. Justice and Equity.

Witnesses Ancient and Contemporary. - Contracts.

Oaths with the Propositions or Enthymemes, relative to

all these subjects.

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BOOK II.

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Deliberative and Judicial Eloquence; on what their respect-

ive success depends. The three requisites to Persuasion,

independently of Argument. Transition to the Doctrine

of the Passions. Anger; Its Definition

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Causes

Its natural Subjects and Objects. Love and Hatred.—

Fear. Shame. Pity. - Indignation..

Pity. Indignation. - Envy. - Emu-

Passions and Characters, as modified by Age-

Power; and their contraries.

lation.

Birth Riches

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Sources of Argument respectively appropriate to the

three kinds of Oratory.

The Topics common to all the

three kinds :- - 1. The Topic derived from the nature

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of contraries; 2. From that of conjugate terms;

3. From relatives; - 4. A fortiori ; 5. Parity of reason;

-6. From consistency in will and conduct; -7. Ad

hominem ; 8. From definition ;-9. From diversity of

signification.-10. From division. 11. From accumu-

lation of instances; - 12. From precedent; - 13. From

resolution of the genus into its several species;

14. From consequences; 15. From the consequents of

contraries. 16. From variance in the opinions of men,

expressed and secret; -17. From analogy ;- 18. From

identifying things with their consequences; - 19. From

inconsistency with previous resolutions;-20. From sub-

stituting a probable motive for the real cause; - 21. From

the general causes impelling all human action;

22. From improbability itself; -23. From incongruity;

24. From explaining false appearances;

- 25. From

the improbability of the cause to that of the effect;

26. From the contrast of designs;-27. From incon-

sistency with former actions; - 28. From names. - Ar-

guments less convincing than Replies; and why. — The

most impressive are those that are natural, but not obvious.

The eight kinds of sophisms. Solutions and Ob-

jections; their nature and number.

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