allowed after the election, for news soon ar- | which courts of justice are spoken of, and rived that Al Afdal was making warlike pre- those in which the existence of a commons parations, which, though indeterminate as to or tiers état is recognized.

"Godfrey, as the Assises assert, established gather together a vast army-to retake Jeru- | two temporal courts of justice, the higher or

That by Thaumassiere, in 1690, is the only edition title which Godfrey never used in his Assises, and expressly declared that "he would not wear a golden diadem where the Saviour had both to himself and his kingdom, for though

worn a crown of thorns." The assertion too is at variance, not only with the spirit of the age and the characters of the individuals, but also with the tenour of the system of law then and there established, as a little attention to Dr. Sybel's work will amply prove.

"But of far more importance is the foundation of a a commonalty, (in the before quoted passages attributed to Godfrey,) as an integral part of the state, at least in the general acceptation of them. It is certain that the word frequently occurs in the Assises, and that they once compare their commons to those of Venice, Genoa and Pisa." p. 519.

his reign lasted hardly a year, it was evident that fatigue and hardships had impaired his powers, and repose was more necessary than the toils of government. He was seized by a quartan ague, which speedily exhibited fatal symptoms.

"To deliver and to protect the holy sepulchre, not to reign over an earthly kingdom, was his wish, and the disorder from which his taking on him the cross had healed him, now attacked him again, and as then it removed him to the earthly, so now did it remove him to the Heavenly Jerusalem. There are indeed rumours of a more worldly kind, and it has been said that the heathen, whose weapons had been power

The establishment of municipal corpora- less against him, removed him by fouler means tions with their peculiar laws and privileges, out of their way. Albertspeaks of a pomegranate

after eating which he was taken ill. In France as well as in Armenia, it was confidently reported that he had been entertained with poisoned dishes; but the English author, from whom

we obtain our information of his last illness, speaks out decidedly that God had called the duke to himself."-p. 533.

A few reflections as to the character of this excellent man may not be misplaced by

together with the gradual changes in their institutions as the government passed from the hands of one sovereign to those of another, next occupy the reader, by no means the least interesting chapter in the book before us, and from the information which has come down to us on this subject, the author is enabled to throw a strong light on the credibility of Albert and Ekkehard. But when these laws were established there arose difficulties of way of conclusion to this paper. another kind. Dagobert the patriarch open- It is impossible to read through the history ly declared that he must have one-fourth of his life without feeling the strong resempart of the city of Joppa as a means of sup- blance between him and the hero of Virgil. porting his metropolitan dignity, and when The same title might have been given him, this was granted, he asserted that a temporal for Godfrey was eminently pious according governor in the Holy City was an anomaly, to the piety of his age; he commands a cold and that a spiritual person alone could rule respect but no vivid interest. Tancred was there; this he asserted was no new claim, in truth the hero of the first crusade as Tasso

inasmuch as the same demand had been made by the clergy before the siege; he even went so far as to say that he required only to be reinstated in those rights which the Moslem emir had respected. Now in one sense this was true, as in consequence of a treaty

has been its historian; even the chivalric but too easy Robert gains our affections more readily than the faultless Duke of Lorraine. Radulph of Caen describes him as being humble as he was brave, a holy monk in a warrior's armour, and the same in his ducal

between Constantine Monomachos and the robes, and here indeed every part of the hisEgyptian Caliph Daher, a part of Jerusalem tory confirms the verdict. He was out of had been appointed for the exclusive resi- his sphere; had he been a bishop or a dence of the Christians, and the jurisdiction lawyer, his name would probably have of the patriarch over them had been confirm- reached us with no small honour; he was a ed. However unreasonable the demands of good king because he was a good man; but Dagobert might be, it is not the less certain when the sceptre passed from his hands to that he gained his end, and by a treaty made the energetic grasp of Baldwin, then Dagobetween the parties Godfrey became only bert found he had a lord and Jerusalem a the second person in his own dominions. monarch. With the death of Godfrey Dr. The wisdom of the sovereign seems to have Sybel closes his work, which forms an undeserted him, and he entangled his successor pretending volume of erudition, usefully in the same difficulties by executing a will applied, and agreeably illustrated. There in favour of the patriarch. But his life was are portions of his investigations in which he drawing near to a close; more than once had differs and differs greatly from other writers, he been affected by the heat of the climate, but never without strong and sufficient reason; and at the time he took upon him the cross the style too is at once perspicuous and elohe had long been the subject of a lingering quent, and we shall look forward with hope and painful disease. It may be said, and said to see a history of the second crusade from justly, that his death happened fortunately the same pen.

ART. III.-Kaschmir und das Reich der Marco Polo, as he is called, visited Greece Siek von Carl Freiherrn von Hugel. and Syria, where he caught the plague, Hallberger, Stuttgart. traversed the major portion of the Indian peninsula, the charming island of Ceylon, "Who has not heard of the vale of Cash- and the East India islands, then passed over mere?" That green El Dorado of delight, to New Holland, after which he sailed northwedded to immortal verse by our own Moore, wards to China, and returning from thence that spot conjectured by not a few to have to Bengal, crossed the Himalaya to Cashbeen the Eden of Scripture, at the mention of mere.

which the rigid lineaments of the Brahmin The valuable collection of specimens of are said to relax into a transient smile of rap- natural history, antiquities and curiosities, ture; Cashmere, the whilome summer re- now lodged in the Imperial Library at Vienna, sidence of the luxurious court of Delhi, with to the number of thirty-two thousand, bears its hanging gardens and gay palaces, once witness that he was by no means idle. Many illumined by the presence of "the young of our English readers are probably already Nourmahal:" where the gorgeous tints of acquainted with the interesting geographical the Indian Flora lie embosomed in their notices communicated by him to the Asiatic mountain frame of sombre Alpine vegetation, Journal of Calcutta.

and where nature has showered down all We find him on the 21st of June, 1835, at that can gladden the heart and eye, and mi- Massari, south of the Himalaya chain, waitnister to the wants of man. Yes; we have ing for the Pervanna, a passport from Runall read of it, dreamed of it, but, alas! "Fuit jeet Singh, to enter his territory across the Ilion."

Setledj.

The volumes before us profess to give an At first he had intended to proceed over impartial description of the valley as it stood the Himalaya by the Berenda pass, a route in 1836, the latest period, as far as we are never before taken by any European. The aware, of any European having been thither. monsoon however sets in before he can obtain Different alike in country, qualifications the requisite document, and when it does at and object, have been the travellers that have length arrive, the season was too far advancseverally presented to the world the result of ed to permit his attempting the pass in questheir personal observations in Cashmere tion. He determines therefore to go by way since Father Xavier, the Spanish jesuit, who of Belasper, a town picturesquely situated in was the first European to penetrate to this a fruitful valley on the banks of the winding remote region some three centuries ago, in Setledj. To the eastward of this place rise the suite of the Emperor Akbar. The gracefully shaped mountains, crowned with French physician Bernier, the missionary old robber castles, like the hills of his native Desiderius, the adventurous George Foster, Rhine. Amongst them the colossal Bondelah the ill-starred Moorcroft, and subsequently stands proudly conspicuous. "On his topVictor Jacquemont and the converted Jew most heights lives an invisible Beyragi Wolf, have each in their turn contributed to Gossain, or 'penitent hermit,' who from time our store of information on the subject. But to time shakes his locks; at this the whole no traveller came better fitted for the task valley trembles, houses fall, and mighty fragthan Baron Hügel; with a highly cultivated, ments of rock, which, according to the tradideep-thinking mind, and scientific acquire- tion of the inhabitants, are ashes shaken from ments beyond any of his predecessors, he the head of the Beyragi, dash down from the combines the talent of a shrewd and intelli- summit of the mountain."

gent observer. As we follow him, we are He crosses the Setledj on a large raft with not merely presented with a fund of entirely his followers, nearly a hundred in number, new facts and remarks, but at the same time including jägers, butterfly catchers, animal are agreeably surprised with a grace of style stuffers, gardeners, and all such persons as and power of description, seldom joined with were requisite for the fulfilment of the main the practical spirit of discovery, and the mi- object of his expedition. The route then nute researches of the naturalist; while we pursued is by Jualamucki and Nurpur, and are irresistibly taken by the affecting tone of across the Pir-Panjal pass into Cashmere. sadness, so peculiarly adapted to the descrip- This march is a good deal interrupted by tion of a land fair as heaven, of a people by the vexatious laziness and refractoriness of nature noble, who, though sunk for centuries the baggage carriers, which he vainly attempts under the deadening, degrading yoke of bar- to cure by the "argumentum ad baculum." barians, still retain deep traces of a glorious In this posture of affairs, his secretary, a Brahmin, reduces them, as if by magic, to the

past.

The book is an episode in the six years' sense of their duty. The solution of the travel of Hügel, during which this modern mystery is given, and throws light on the

strange influence exercised by this sect in in the warm breath of the Indian atmosphere, India.

"When all was again in motion, and we were following the caravan through a forest of palms, I inquired of the Brahmin how he had so instantaneously succeeded in overcoming their obstinacy. His answer was that he had opened his Angrica and displayed to view his triple cord, the badge of his sacred order, exclaiming at the same time, 'I am Thakir-Das a Brahmin, and servant of the great king (pointing to Baron Hügel), dare ye then refuse to serve him for one day, to whom I devote all my life; ye who are but Zemindar (peasants), and I a Brahmin ?" "

and on the eastern firmament were reflected the glowing rays of the still hidden sun. A moment more, and all nature was alive, not as in northern climes, languidly struggling into life through a tedious twilight; no, with one magic stroke from night it became day, from deep sleep, lively awaking. The bulbul in clear and friendly tones saluted the morning, the golden mango bird began his heart-rending plaint, the variegated meynar flitted chattering from tree to tree, the glittering parrot swept through the air, and noisy apes swung from bough to bough. In the thicket sported the blue merlin, and the solitary thrush cried his last farewell to the departing night. Proud peacocks strutted along the plain, while the black lark soared joyously upwards to carry to the sun nature's earliest good-morrow."

The following remark will be interesting

In pursuing his vocation as a naturalist, our traveller is more than once in imminent danger of losing his life. On one occasion his jäger fires at him in some bushes by mistake, but fortunately without any dangerous to ornithologists: consequences. At Nurpur again hearing something buzz past overhead in the dusk of the evening, he levels his piece and brings down not a bird, as he had expected, but a hideous vampire. The inhabitants poured out from their houses at the report of the gun,

"Among some extraordinary birds, none of brought a most diminutive Buceros, a bird, eaten which however were new to me, my jäger

by the women here as an antidote for barrenness. I opened his stomach, and found, as I always have in these birds, nothing but vegeta

and finding what he had done, rushed on him ble sustenance; in opposition to the idea of nawith frightful yells and imprecations to avenge turalists, who have concluded the grotesquely this, in their eyes, impious piece of sacrilege. long bill was given it for the purpose of catchFortunately no stones were at hand, or he ing lizards."

would infallibly have fallen a prey to their At Moradpur Serai he enters the former fanatical fury; meantime putting his back high-road from Lahore to Cashmere. This against the wall, he manages to keep off the place is one of the stations built by the Emringleaders with his gun, until he succeeds in peror Akbar to serve as a resting-place in his explaining that he had shot the holy monster progresses to the valley, and which are deby mistake, by which he succeeds in pacify-scribed at length by Bernier. It is now in ing them. Two English officers not long ago ruins; indeed, of all these once magnificent met with a more tragical fate at Mattra. houses of entertainment, the one at Alihabad, In this place the ape is held sacred, and conse- or Badhi Schahi Serai as it is commonly quently it is infested by swarms of these ani- called, is the only one now in preservation. mals, who annoy the wayfarer with impunity. We will by the bye here advert to the error One old fellow, more daring than his brethren, committed by Moore in his Lalla Rookh. attacked the officers, who shot him dead. The He makes all the Mongul monarchs, in their people rose in a twinkling, while they, to save "annual migrations," pass through the lovely

themselves from being stoned, ordered their elephant driver to swim the animal over the river Jumna; the current proved too rapid, and elephant and all were lost.

We cannot resist quoting the following description of a pretty scene not far from

Cotoa.

valley of Hassein Abdoual, which route would have conducted to Cashmere by Mazufferabad and the Baramulla pass, whereas it is almost certain that they always went by the way of Bimbur, and the Pir-Panjal.

After passing the parallel ranges of RatanPanjal and Pir-Panjal, with the thermometer in the morning as low as 18°, he reaches Rampur, where he is met by a party of Siek soldiers, despatched by the governor

"The foreground was composed of two or three isolated dates, and a large impenetrable group of trees. In front of these my tents were pitched, crowded with men of all colours and to escort him to the capital. This was another costumes, from the gorgeous Sïek and Mahom- of the many proofs of attention which Runjeet edan to the simply but elegantly dressed Hin- Singh paid our traveller; among other things, doo, one and all busily engaged in breaking up that monarch sent him orders for several

the camp. In the back-ground the fortress

(Patancotta) mounted aloft, while the Himalayan Alps showed their majestic form sharply outlined against the dark blue twilight of the morning heaven. The whole picture was laved

hundred rupees, which etiquette compelled him to accept, in order to avoid giving insult. The house which had been assigned to him for his abode during his residence, lay on the banks of the Schelum, "it contained plenty sight, that he became convinced that he was of rooms, but was small and dirty;" in this not an emissary of the Indian government. exigence he bethought himself of Dilawar. Nevertheless the wily Rajah resolved to profit Khan-Bagh, the garden where Moorcroft and Jacquemont had resided. Here he found one

by the accident, and tried to make it appear that Henderson's arrival was connected with the treaty, hoping to intimidate Teron Singh."

of the two summer houses which it contained already occupied by Mr. Vigne, an English He forcibly detained the poor doctor, and traveller, who had just returned from a jour- his scheme actually succeeded in temporarily ney to Iskardu; the other was still vacant, checking the advance of the Siek; advices and he determined to make it the repository however soon arrived from India with the inof his goods and chattels, while he himself telligence that it was all a hoax of the Rajah's. lodged in his tent close by. After some fruitless attempts to escape, HenNot long after his arrival he is greeted, derson was at last liberated, and after wanderaccording to the ancient custom of the coun- ing about the mountains of Thibet, and losing try, by a band of Cashmerian damsels with his horses and baggage, he arrived at Cashthe wonnemum or "song of welcome." But mere just at the same moment, that Hügel oh! horror, "for the sake of veracity," says came from the opposite direction. he, "I am bound to confess that my wel- The aspect of the province is sadly changcomers surpassed out and out all that I had ed for the worst since Moorcroft's visit. In seen in Asia for ugliness, and that their sing- his time he calculates 120,000 persons to ing was the most abominable howling." So have been employed in the manufacture of much for Cashmerian beauty, at least among shawls alone, and the total population of the the lower orders. The upper classes are district at 800,000. Hügel fixes the total better; the figures, however, are generally far population at 200,000, of whom 40,000 insuperior to the faces. Strangely enough, the habit the capital. Scheraz affords a striking weavers would appear to form a distinct race, instance of the sweeping devastation which their features are remarkably fine and expres- has taken place; it numbers 2,000 houses, and sive, with a delicacy of contour almost femi

nine.

At Cashmere, Baron Hügel is thrown into the society of another Englishman, Dr. Henderson, a bit of an original. This gentleman, who had been the setter on foot of the Agra Bank and Radical newspaper, had obtained a few months' furlough from his garrison at Ludeanah for the purpose, as he said, of going to

but 150 inhabitants. The cause is to be attributed mainly to the frightful earthquake, which occurred in 1828.

"Twelve hundred persons," says he, "are supposed to have perished under the ruins of the houses. After the first violent shock, slighter ones kept following each other for the space of three months, during which period dwellings never ceased falling in. To such a state of ter

Calcutta, instead of which, and in disobedi- ror were the population driven, that not a soul

ence to the express commands of the company, he had passed the Setledj and wandered as far as the Ladhac. It will be necessary to remind our readers that it was with the Rajah of this province that Moorcroft entered into an offensive and defensive alliance on the part of the East India Company; an act, which took place entirely without their authorization, and subsequently declared by them invalid. But we will proceed in Hügel's own words.

entered into a house, and they lodged, as best they might, in the open air; so great was the panic, that they neglected to secure their property, but this remained undistürbed. The thieves were quite as terrified as the rest of the inhabitants. Three months later the cholera broke out, here called Wuba, and in forty days, 100,000 human beings fell victims to the ravages of the pestilence."

This was not all.

"Henderson told me, that just as he arrived in Ladhak, Gulab Singh's general, Teron Singh, took possession of the country. The Rajah received Henderson very politely, but of course was not long in detecting what country he was yet out produced seed, all the rest were de

"In the year 1833 the rice harvest was computed at twenty lacks of kurwars (a kurwar= 1941hs. nearly), the crop was most luxuriant, and was already in blossom, when on the morning of 20 Jumbollo, the entire valley was covered with snow, those ears only that were not stroyed, and instead of the twenty lacks expected, but one was obtained."

of, in spite of his Mahomedan costume and assumed name of Ismael Khan, and thereupon took it into his head that the object of his journey could be nothing else than the fulfilment of the above-mentioned treaty. In vain did the Doctor try to assure him that he knew nothing of the matter. The Rajah produced the original document, and it was only on perceiving Henderson's unfeigned astonishment at the valley in search of subsistence elsewhere, but

The dire consequence of this disaster was a famine and second attack of cholera, which reduced the wretched population to the most extreme grade of misery. Hundreds left the