SECT. V. SYLLOGISM DIVIDED ACCORDING TO

THEIR MATTER.

LET it be observed, that as syllogisms have been divided according to their figure or form into absolute and conditional, so are they likewise distinguished according to their matter or constituent parts, into five different classes, viz. the demonstrative, the casuistical, the rhetorical, the poetical, the sophistical.

I. The demonstrative are composed of truths, that is to say, perceptions, the different species of which are six.

1. Intuitive or self-evident truths; to obtain which the bare inspection of the subject and predicate, and the relation in which they stand to each other is sufficient: for example, " a whole is larger than a part."

2. Evidences, obtained by means of sensation which are called Hissiaut if they be external, such as "the sun shines, the fire burns; and Judinaut, if they be internal ; as, for example, "hunger and thirst."

3. Experiences, which are the conclusions formed by the understanding from repeated trials; as, for example, " that Scammony is a Cathartic."

4. Traditions, which are the conclusions which the understanding forms from the reports of a number of people; and which cannot be supposed to be false, such as the mission of the prophet MAHOMMED, and JESUS CHRIST.

This

certainly defert their habitations; by which our hopes of getting a guide would be frustrated: That, to prevent this, he would go on in front, with only one man, meanly clad, while the rest of the party should remain -a little behind. With this scheme in view, the Brinjary proceeded; but had scarcely gone a hundred yards from a little hill close on our left, when he perceived a confiderable body of men lying in a nulla, which run close under the end of the hill; and, upon our advancing, a discharge of about thirty or forty matchlocks, and many arrows, was fired upon us. made us halt; and having only two fepoys with me at the time, three or four fervants, and the lafcar with my perambulator, I refolved to fall back to my party. Upon our retiring, the Goands advanced rapidly from the nulla and jungle; and a party of them made their appearance on the top of the hill. At this instant, fortunately, I was joined by a naick and four fepoys of my advance, and inmediately formed them, priming and loading in a little space of open ground on our right. As soon as the fepoys had loaded, I would fain have parleyed with the savages before firing; but all my endeavours towards it were ineffectual; and as they continued to rush with impetuosity towards us, with their matches lighted, and arrows fixed in their bows, they received the fire of my party at the diftance of about twenty yards; when four or five of them instantly dropped. This gave them an immediate check, and they ran off, hallooing and shouting, into the woods; carrying off their killed and wounded, all but one body; and leaving some of their arms, which fell into our poffeffion. The rest of my people having by this time joined me, I directed a party of a naick and four fepoys to drive them from the hill: this they foon effected; after which, disposing of the small force I had with me, in fuch a manner as it might act to most advantage if again attacked, we moved forward, with the hope of reaching Bhopaulputtun that night.

NOTHING

5. Conjectures, which are opinions founded on notions respecting quality and motion; and formed by inferring an effect from a supposed principle or cause: such, for example, as "That the light of the moon is derived from the light of the sun."

6. The general properties of matter, that is, such as are obvious without the intervention of any latent intermediate idea, for example, " four is an even number."

N. B. In the original here follows the distinction of demonstration or proof into reasoning à priori denominated Berhaun Lemmi, and reasoning à posteriori denominated Berhaun Anni.

II. The casuistical or disputative, which are,

1. Current and prevailing opinions agreeable to the ideas of the multitude, such as " learning is good, and ignorance bad."

2. Malicious insinuations artfully expressed to conceal the motive.

III. The rhetorical, which are composed,

1. Of propositions taken for granted upon some respectable authority, such as that of the prophets and fathers.

2. Of presumptions or suspicions grounded on the frequency of some improper practice; such as that of a person being a thief from his going abroad in the night.

IV. The poetical, which are founded on fiction. Honey, for example, they make a liquid ruby.

پنجم قیاس سفسطی است و آن مرکب میشود از و همیات و مشبهات

اما و همیات آن قضیه هاست که حکم میکند بایشان در غیر امور محسوسه مثل كل موجود مشار اليه

و مشبهات ان قضیه ها اند در اصل و مشتبه بصدق مینمایند چنانچه کویم صورت فرس را که منقوش است بر دیوار و فرس است و هر فرس صهال است نتیجه میدهد که این صورت صهال است

V. The sophistical, are composed,

1. Of vague language without specifying any precise object, such as the vague expression "The person to whom we allude."

2. Quibbles, which, though absolutely false, exhibit some appearance of truth; as if I should say, that "the figure of the horse which is painted on the wall is a horse;" that " every horse neighs;" and, consequently, that "the figure on the wall must also neigh."