PART II. OF DEMONSTRATION.

SECT. I. OF PROPOSITIONS.

LET it be remembered, that the object of considering truths, is to obtain a knowledge of truth known in such a manner as to lead us to the knowledge of truth unknown; and this they call syllogism and reasoning: and since a syllogism is composed of propositions, a previous knowledge of these is required of

course.

A proposition is a sentence containing either a truth or an untruth, that is to say, in the language of logicians, it is a compound or affirmation containing what is true or false; such as ZEID is standing, in contradistinction to an expression, such as Azreb, which does not convey any assertion. In short, the thing predicated is called a proposition, and if that proposition affirm something of another thing, as in the preceding example, or deny any thing of another thing, as in the example ZEID Kauim Naist, ZEID IS not standing," then these are absolute propositions, and the first is called an absolute affirmative, and the second an absolute negative, and the subject of which the affirmation is made, corresponding to mubtida in grammar is called Mozooey; as ZEID in the sentence ZEID Kauim: and the thing spoken or proposed respecting the Mozooey is called Muhmool: such is Kauim he is standing, in the sen

devee, was the interpreter between us. The result of our interview was, that DOOROOG SHAW wanted a present from me: I told him his inhospitable treatment did not merit it, and that I should give him none. At this he appeared much offended; but finding that his importunities availed him nothing, he ordered three of his Goands to attend us as guides, with whom we immediately departed, leaving him no time to waver, or to countermand his orders.

HAVING dismounted from my horse in the course of this march, to take the bearings of some remarkabie hills, a man, and a lad about ten years old, whose faces I knew not, fell prostrate at my feet. Upon inquiring into the cause of it, I was informed they belonged to a tribe of Hindoo mendicants, known by the name of Goofaigns. The man first raising his head and hands, in the most supplicating posture, requested that I would hear him. Surprize at this uncommon circumstance arrested my attention, and he began to recite his tale. He said, that he, in company with many other Goofaigns, had set out from the place of their residence, Mirzapour, (a town well known on the banks of the Ganges,) and that, after having travelled through the English territory to Cuttack, and made the pilgrimage of Jaggernaut, they had resolved to make all the pilgrimages in the fouthern parts of the Peninfula: But wishing first to visit the source of the Mahanuddee, and principal places of sanctity upon the upper parts of the Gunga Godavery, they had taken their route along the banks of the former. Having travelled unmolested for some time, and subsisted, in fome places, on the alms of the Hindoos, wherever they found them, they had at length fallen in with the hills and jungles inhabited only by the Goands, who had plundered them, and murdered many of their companions; of whose bodies they had made offerings to their God; and that the two pitiful objects before me, were an inftance of uncommon good fortune in escaping

tence ZEID Kauim, corresponding in the language of syntax to the term Chabber.

That which expresses the connection between the subject and predicate is called Raubit or copula. In grammar they make use of the word Hoo for this annection; and something similar being required for connecting the words "ZEID Kauim" they have, for this purpose, substituted the pronoun Hoo, which is understood without being expressed.

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But if the thing predicated be not affirmative or negative of something ascribed to something, as in the preceding examples, then such a proposition is denominated conditional, as for example, "If the sun shine, then it must be day." The first member of this sentence, " If the sun shine," logicians call Mokuddem, that is, the antecedent; which corresponds to the term "shirt" the condition in syntax, and the second part of the proposition "Then it must be day," is denominated tauli, that is, the consequent; which corresponds to the term Chabber in syntax.

This being premised, know that an absolute or categorical proposition admits of various distinctions arising from the nature of the Mozooch or subject, &c. &c.

SECT. II. OF SYLLOGISMS.

A SYLLOGISM is a sentence composed of propoabout three hundred tiled and thatched houses. It has a ftone fort on the N. W. fide, close under the east face of which runs the Kobragur, which winds round the S. W. fide of the town, and being joined by another small river, takes a north-westerly course, and falls into the Wainy, or Baun Gunga.

BYRAGUR appeared to be a place of fome traffic: I found here large bodies of Brinjaries from all parts of Choteefgur, and some from the Circars. The trade feemed to confift chiefly of cotton, which is brought from the N. W. parts of Berar and Choteefgur. This is taken up by traders from the Circars, who, in exchange for it, give falt, beetle, and coco nuts: and I understood that from this cotton the most beautiful cloths in the Northern Circars are manufactured.

THE long marches we had made through the hills and jungles, from Conkair, having harassed us a good deal, I refolved to reft a day at this place; as well with a view to gain information of the country before us, as to recover from our fatigues. I found the Conkair Rajah's information concerning the Bustar country, and that at this place I should fall in with a high road leading from Nagpour to Mafulipatam, very accurate. The Mahratta government being also well established at Byragur, the greatest attention was paid to my pass, and I received every civility and attention、 in confequence of it.

APRIL 18th. In the evening BISHUN PUNDIT paid me a visit, and detailed to me a route leading from Byragur, through the city of Chanda, to Rajamandry, in length about two hundred cofs, or nearly four hundred miles: But the difference of latitude, in a meridional direction between the two places, not exceed. ing two hundred geographical miles, that route appeared rather circuitous; and my intelligence from

sitions, and in such a manner, that there necessarily arises from this composition another sentence. Know then that having finished our investigation of propositions on the previous knowledge of which all reasoning or demonstration depends, I shall now consider demonstration :-Demonstration or reasoning is the process of inferring something from the state of one thing to prove the state of another; and this is of three kinds, viz. Syllogism, Induction, and Analogy. Syllogism is that in which an inference is drawn from a general rule or class to a subordinate part or individual belonging to that class; which must of course partake of its general nature or character. This species of argument affords certainty or truth. Take, for example, "The world is changeable, and every thing liable to change was created;" thus they obtain the conclusion that the world did not exist from eternity, that is, was created. Be it then understood, that two sentences combined, from the nature of which there necessarily arises a third, constitute what is called Keeause or syllogism: and the third sentence thus obtained is called Neteejeh, that is, the conclusion.

The subject and predicate contained in the conclusion of the syllogism described is called the Maddeh, that is, the matter of the conclusion; and the order in which they are placed constitutes what is called Heiyet, that is, the form or figure. If the matter and figure of the conclusion appear in the premises of the syllogism, then that syllogism is called conditional, because the conditional particle Leikin must be included in it. Take, for example, "whenever the sun shines day must exist; but the sun shines, which gives the conclusion-"Then day exists," which is materially and formally contained in the preceding syllogism. But if the conclusion be not materially and formally expressed in the premises