had accompanied me from Ruttunpour, was here to leave me, it became neceffary that we fhould have fome other man who could interpret between us and the Goands who were to be our guides. I fent therefore a request to the Rajah, foliciting that fuch a perfon might accompany us to his frontier; and likewife, that he would give me letters recommending me to the attention of the other Goand Zemeendars between Conkair and Byragur. As an inducement to him to comply, I took this opportunity of fending him, accord ing to my promife, a quire of gilt writing paper, and fome coloured China paper. In the evening my meffenger returned with an account, that the Rajah had been delighted with the little prefent I had made him; and had in a very fatisfactory manner complied with my request.

ABOUT feven o'clock in the evening, the Rajah's Dewan, who I understood was the only man in the town that could read or write, came and prefented me with a fmall piece of paper, addreffed to the Goand chief whofe territory is fituated between Conkair and Byragur. It was written in the Mahratta character and, on procuring a tranflation, I found it was addreffed to the Rajah of Pannawar, and contained merely information of who I was, and where I was going, in order that he might not be alarmed at my approach, nor impede me in my progrefs through his country. The Dewan then delivered us fome Goands, as guides, and departed.

APRIL 8th. THIS morning we experienced much trouble in detaining any of our guides; fome of whom had, after repeated ftruggles, broke loofe, and ran off. Our route led through thick forefts and defiles among the hills, which continued during this and the enfuing day, until we reached Bouflagur, a large Goand village, fituated at the foot of a high hill. It was here I first observed the streams running to the weftward, and that

the

difference, or the nearest difference alone, then it is an imperfect definition, such as Jism Naumi Nautik for man, or Nautik alone. 3. If the description consist of the nearest genus, and the property or peculiarity, such as Heiwaun Sauhuk, a creature that laughs, for man, it is a perfect mark or designation. 4. And if it consist of the remote genus and peculiarity, or of the peculiarity alone, then it is an imperfect mark or description, such as Jism Naumi Sauhuk, a piece of laughing substance, or Sauhukie, laughing, only, as a designation of man.

And further, designation by common accident is not conceived to be good; because the object of definition is the discrimination of the thing defined from others; and this is not obtained from common accident. Sometimes in the Huddi Naukis and Risimi Naukis, Indication by a more common word or verbal description is admitted. That is the real meaning of a word not being well understood, another word is employed to explain and elucidate; for instance they say Ulrruzfur hooul assad to explain Ruzfur, which also means a lion. And in like manner in verbal description the designation is effected by an expression more common, as for example, when a person who does not know it asks "what is pain" they will say it is a thing common to all; and thus, in the Huddi Naukis and Resimi Naukis, if a more common word be used, it is allowed.

men being perceived pofted in the jungle on our left flank. On reconnoitering them, I found that they had taken poffeffion of a defile, through which the road led; that many of them had matchlocks, with their matches ready lighted; and the reft were armed with fpears, bows, and arrows. Finding us aware of them, they did not advance; but a man on horfeback came forward, and faid, that he was deputed by the Rajah of Pannawar to ascertain who we were; but on my fhewing him the Conkair Rajah's paper, he returned to his party, who made way for us to pafs them, and proceeding, we foon reached Pannawar. Here I perceived the Rajah, feated on a rising ground, gazing at us; and immediately fent the Mahratta pafs for his infpection, to which, although he fhewed fome refpect, he would not afford us grain, nor provifions of of any kind; and in the moft fullen manner rejected all communication whatever. It was not until our utmost entreaties had been made, that we could get guides from him; in which at length fucceeding, I departed with much fatisfaction from the inhofpitable manfion of this Goand chief.

THE Buftar frontier is about ten cofs diftant from this place; the afpect of the country in that direction is very mountainous; and all accounts corroborated the Conkair Rajah's defcription of it, as being a wilderness, and almoft defolate. Our road led from one paffage through the hills to another, fo that the view could no where be extenfive. Thefe are doubtlefs the ranges of hills, which, continuing along the east fide of Berar, connect the mountains of Omercuntur, and Mundilla, with thofe of Tilingana and Buftar; and extend to the fea coaft in the Northern Circars.

A MARCH of fifty miles more, in three days, brought us to Malliwer, the refidence of another Goand chief. The road was much more difficult, and the country one continued wildernefs. A confiderable declivity,

between

PART II. OF DEMONSTRATION.

SECT. I. OF PROPOSITIONS.

LET it be remembered, that the object of considering truths, is to obtain a knowledge of truth known in such a manner as to lead us to the knowledge of truth unknown; and this they call syllogism and reasoning and since a syllogism is composed of propositions, a previous knowledge of these is required of

course.

A proposition is a sentence containing either a truth or an untruth; that is to say, in the language of logicians, it is a compound or affirmation containing what is true or false; such as ZEID is standing, in contradistinction to an expression, such as Azreb, which does not convey any assertion. In short, the thing predicated is called a proposition, and if that proposition affirm something of another thing, as in the preceding example, or deny any thing of another. thing, as in the example ZEID Kauim Naist, ZEID is not standing," then these are absolute propositions, and the first is called an absolute affirmative, and the second an absolute negative, and the subject of which the affirmation is made, corresponding to mubtida in grammar is called Mozooey; as ZEID in the sentence ZEID Kauim: and the thing spoken or proposed respecting the Mozooey is called Muhmool: such is Kauim he is standing, in the sen

devee, was the interpreter between us. The refult of our interview was, that DOOROOG SHAW wanted a prefent from me: I told him his inhofpitable treatment did not merit it, and that I fhould give him none. At this he appeared much offended; but finding that his importunities availed him nothing, he ordered three of his Goands to attend us as guides, with whom we immediately departed, leaving him no time to waver, or to countermand his orders.

HAVING difmounted from my horse in the course of this march, to take the bearings of fome remarkabie hills, a man, and a lad about ten years old, whofe faces I knew not, fell proftrate at my feet. Upon inquiring into the caufe of it, I was informed they belonged to a tribe of Hindoo mendicants, known by the name of Goofaigns. The man firft raising his head and hands, in the moft fupplicating pofture, requested that I would hear him. Surprize at this uncommon circumftance arrefted my attention, and he began to recite his tale. He said, that he, in company with many other Goofaigns, had fet out from the place of their refidence, Mirzapour, (a town well known on the banks of the Ganges,) and that, after having travelled through the English territory to Cuttack, and made the pilgrimage of Jaggernaut, they had refolved to make all the pilgrimages in the fouthern parts of the Peninsula: But wifhing first to vifit the fource of the Mahanuddee, and principal places of fanctity upon the upper parts of the Gunga Godavery, they had taken their route along the banks of the former. Having travelled unmolefted for fome time, and fubfifted, in fome places, on the alms of the Hindoos, wherever they found them, they had at length fallen in with the hills and jungles inhabited only by the Goands, who had plundered them, and murdered many of their companions; of whofe bodies they had made offerings to their God; and that the two pitiful objects before me, were an inftance of uncommon good fortune in

escaping