came to the immortals; in Jove's house he dwells, bearing to counsellor Jove thunder and lightning.1 But Chrysaor, by union with Callirhoe, daughter of famous Ocean, begat threeheaded Geryon. Him indeed then mighty Hercules spoiled, amidst his trailing-footed oxen in sea-girt Erythia,2 even on that day when he drove the broad-browed oxen to sacred Tiryns, having crossed the path of Ocean, and having slain beyond famous Ocean Orthus, and the herdsman Eurytion in a dusky stall.

And she brought forth another monster, irresistible, nowise like to mortal men, or immortal gods, in a hollow cavern; the divine stubborn-hearted Echidna, [half nymph, with dark eyes and fair cheeks; and half, on the other hand, a serpent huge, and terrible, and vast,] speckled, and flesh-devouring, 'neath caves of sacred Earth. For there is her cavern, deep under a hollow rock, afar from immortal gods as well as mortal men: there I ween have the gods assigned to her famous mansions to inhabit. But she, the destructive Echidna, was confined in Arima 5 beneath the earth, a nymph immortal, and all her days insensible to age. With her they say that

This office of Pegasus is unmentioned by ancient writers, except in a fragment of Euripides, Belleroph., υφ' ἅρματ ̓ ἐλθὼν Ζηνὸς ἀστ Toаηpopε, which Aristophanes introduces in his Pax, 722. It seems to be implied in this passage of Hesiod that the winged horse yoked to Jove's chariot bears his thunders and lightnings. Cf. Horat. Od. I. xxiv. 7, Per cœlum Tonantis Egit equos volucremque curVan Lennep.

rum.

2

Geryon is fabled to have been prince of Gades, i. q. Erythia: unless indeed Erythia was an island near, and now joined with, the mainland. Compare Herodot. iv. 8. One of the labours imposed on Hercules by Eurystheus was to carry off his oxen: Orthus was slain to effect this.

3 Van Lennep, with Wolf and Heyne, refer no' TEK' to Callirhoe, the mention of Ceto, 290, being too remote to allow reference to her. Hermann however dissents from this.

TOLKIλov, feminine. See Matth. Gr. Gr. § 118, obs. 1. (1832.) unorny, used here as a substantive. For other instances see Lobeck's Ajax, ver. 208, τñs àμepías.

5 Epur', imperfect, remarkable for the u, as in the Op. et D. 818, sipúμeval. See here Butmann, Lexil. p. 337, (Fishlake, 1836,) and p. 310. Arima. Cf. Il. ii. 783, εἶν Αρίμοις, ὅθι φασὶ Τυφωέος ἔμμεναι εὐνὰς. Where the Scholiast explains Arima as a mountain of Cilicia, or Lydia. Strabo, book xiii. p. 152, 153, seems to point to the Arimi being what was afterwards the Aramæans, of Cilicia, or Syria.

C

6

Typhaon1 associated in love, a terrible and lawless 2 ravisher for the dark-eyed maid. And she, having conceived, bare fierce-hearted children. The dog Orthus3 first she bare for Geryon, and next, in the second place, she brought forth the irresistible and ineffable flesh-devourer Cerberus, dog of hell, with brazen voice and with fifty heads, a bold and strong beast. Thirdly, again she gave birth to the Lernæan Hydra subtle in destruction, whom Juno, white-armed goddess, reared, implacably hating the mighty Hercules. And it Jove's son, Hercules, named of Amphitryon, along with warlike Iolaus, and by the counsels of Pallas the despoiler, slaughtered with ruthless sword. But she (Echidna) bare Chimæra, breathing resistless fire, fierce and huge, fleet-footed as well as strong this monster had three heads: one indeed of a grim-visaged lion, one of a goat, and another of a serpent, a fierce dragon; in front a lion, a dragon behind, and in the midst a goat; breathing forth the dread strength of burning fire. Her Pegasus 9 slew and brave Bellerophon.

Typhaon. Cf. 821.

· ἄνομον, vulgo ἄνεμον. The Scholiast recognises both readings. Sophocles, in Trachin. 1096, has στρατὸν θηρῶν, ὑβριστήν, ἄνομον, of the army of Centaurs.

3 Orthus, (high, tall,) and Eurytion, (broad,) are the keepers of Geryon's oxen, (293,) a figurative representation of high mountains and broad plains. Echidna was sister or aunt of Geryon, for whose service she bore this dog.

4 xaλkɛóowvov, trumpet-voiced, an epithet of Stentor, Hom. Il. v. 785. Képẞepos, according to Goettling, is akin to ẞápßapos in its etymology, and has reference to the voice of the monster. Pindar, followed by Horat. II. xiii. 34, assigns to Cerberus a hundred heads, (bellua centiceps,) whilst Sophocl. Trachin. 1098, calls him 7píxрavov σκύλακα.

5 Hydra. Horat. Od. IV. iv. 61, Non Hydra secto corpore firmior Vinci dolentem crevit in Herculem. From Lerna sprang the Hydra, and from Nemæa, the lion, which Juno alike reared against Hercules. • ἄπλητον (πελάω, not πίμπλημι) " tanta ira, ut vix ad eum accedere liceat." ẞin Hoarλnein. Cf. Matt. Gr. Gr. 430, p. 702.

Iolaus appears in Scut. Herc. 118, as comrade and charioteer of Hercules: Minerva as his counsellor, Scut. 125, 325. Hom. II. viii. 362; Od. xi. 626. The Hydra of Lerna is not Homeric.

Chimæra (Horat. Od. I. xxvii. 23, 24; II. xvii. 13; IV. ii. 16) is described by Horace as triformis, " and "ignea," just as here. ȧμαíμaкεтov, (İl. vi. 179; Sophocl. Ed. T. 177; Œd. Čol. 127,) derived from ἀμάχος, redupl. μαίμαχος, as from πάλη we have παιπάλη.

• Πήγασος—καὶ Βελλεροφόντης, that is, Bellerophon by the aid of Pegasus. Goettling.

But she,' compelled by Orthus, brought forth in sooth the destructive Spinx, a destruction to the Cadmæans; and the Nemæan lion, whom I wot Juno, Jove's glorious consort, reared, and settled in the corn-lands of Nemæa, a woe to mankind. There abiding truly used he to devour the tribes of men, whilst he held sway over Tretus2 of Nemæa, and over Apesas: but him the might of strong Hercules subdued. And Ceto mingling in love with Phoreys, brought forth, as youngest-born, a terrible serpent,3 which in hiding-places of dark earth, guards all-golden apples, in wide bounds. Such then is the brood of Ceto and Phorcys.But Tethys to Oceanus bare eddying rivers, Nile and Alpheus, and deep-eddying Eridanus, Strymon, and Mæander and Ister of-fair-stream, Phasis, Rhesus, and Achelous with silvery-tide, Nessus, and Rhodius, Haliacmon and Heptaporus, Granicus, sepus, and divine Simois, Peneus, Hermus, and pleasant-flowing Caicus;

4

apa, that is, Echidna, as it would seem; though the Schol. calls Spinx, the daughter of Chimæra and Typhaon. The later word, Σφίγξ, ίγγος, was originally φίξ, φίκος, whence Φίκιον ὄρος near Thebes. Cf. Scut. Herc. 33. The word is probably derived from piyyw, odiyyw, to strangle. Cf. Ovid, Met. iii. 48. Van Lennep.

2 Tretus was a mountain between Mycena and Nemea, near Cleonæ. Nemea was about fifteen stadia from Tretus, and Mount Apesas above Nemea. Cf. Pausanias ii. c. xv. § 2-4. λɛpaípero, (λπш, ¿λπúρη, Liddell and Scott,) is derived by V. Lennep from ἕλω, ἑλέω, ἐλέΓω, ἐλέφω, ἐλεφάω, ἐλεφαίρω.

3 This Dragon is called Ladon by Apollon. Rhod. iv. 1397.

Hesiod seems to have singled out of the three thousand rivers a few of the more famous, whether in Greece or elsewhere. Thus we find Alpheus, chief river of Elis, Achelous and Evenus of Ætolia, Peneus of Thessaly, Ladon of Arcadia, Haliacmon of Macedonia, Strymon and Nessus of Thrace. Of Asia Minor, whence Hesiod's father had come, there are enumerated, Mæander, Hermus, and Caicus; and from the Troad and its Mountain Ida, famous already, the Rhesus, Rhodius, Heptaporus, Granicus, Simois, Scamander, Esepus. Other rivers flowing into the Euxine, and famous through the Argonautic Expedition, are mentioned here: the Sangarius of Phrygia, the Parthenius of Paphlagonia, Phasis of Colchis, Aldescus and Ister of Scythia. Two more distant rivers are enumerated, the Nile, (mentioned in Hom. Odyss. iv. 477; xiv. 257, under the name of Egyptus,) and the Eridanus, i. q. Padus, of Italy, which Hesiod knew, cf. 1011. There is no order in the list, which is made as best suits the versification Cf. Van Lennep, from whom the above is abridged.

and vast Sangarius, Ladon, Parthenius, Evenus, and Ardescus and divine Scamander. And she bare a sacred race of daughters, who with King Apollo and the rivers all earth over bring up men to manhood,' and have this prerogative from Jupiter, namely, Pitho, Admete, Ianthe, Electra, Doris and Prymno, and goddess-like Urania, Hippo, and Clymene, Rhodia, and Callirhoe, Zeuxo and Clytia, Idya and Pasithoe, Plexaure, Galaxaure, lovely Dione, Melobosis, and Thoe, and fair Polydora, and Circeis in nature amiable, and brighteyed Pluto, Perseis, Ianira, Acaste, and Xanthe, and winsome Petræa, Menesto, and Europa, Metis, Eurynome, and saffronrobed Telesto, Crenæis, Asia as well as desire-kindling Calypso, Eudora, Tyche, Amphiro, and Ocyroë, and Styx, who truly is eldest of them all.2

Now these were born eldest daughters of Oceanus and Tethys; there are, however, many others also:3 for thrice a thousand are the tapering-ankled Ocean-nymphs, who truly spreading far and near, bright children of the gods, haunt everywhere alike earth and the depths of the lake.4 And again, as many other rivers flowing with a ringing noise, sons of Ocean, whom august Tethys bare: of all of whom 'twere

1 Kovρilovo, juvenescere vel vigere faciunt. V. Lennep.

2 The Oceanides, though in some respects similar in nature to Meliæ and Dryads, differed herein, that they haunted not merely the woods and glades, but roamed everywhere, now over earth, now over water. Hence they are associated with the Naiads and Dryads. Callim. H. in Dian. 12; Virgil, Georg. iv. 344, 382. As to their names, Goettling would refer Europa, Asia, Doris, Rhodia, Perseis, Ianira, (from 'Iáv, as πρiσßνç, Tрέoßeipa,) to the continents, isles, and countries which the names suggest to us: Van Lennep rather to certain qualities peculiar to the several Oceanids: Rhodia from the rose, lanthe from ov, a violet, &c. Calypso, Goettling explains “fertilizing," because covering the land with mud. Hermann, occultans or latens." For the rest, see Goettling, loc.

3 For instance, Ephyre, Clio, Beroe, mentioned in Virg. Georg. iv. 341; Æthra in Ovid's Fast. v. 171; Hunc stirps Oceani maturis nixibus Ethra Edidit.

4 βένθεα λίμνης, i. e. Ὠκεανοῦ. So Hom. Od. iii. 1, Ηελιος δ ̓ ἀνόρουσε λίπων περικαλλέα λίμνην. Il. xiii. 21, βένθεσι λίμνης. Nitsch explains it generally as the waters of Oceanus standing near the shore Od. p. 131. — πávтy òμìç, i. e. so that there are Oceanids everywhere.

5

Apollodorus mentions Inachus and Asopus amongst these.

difficult for mortal man to tell the names, but each individual knows them, of as many as dwell around them. And Thia,1 overcome in the embrace of Hyperion, brought forth the great Sun, and bright Moon, and Morn, that shines for all that-. dwell-on-the-earth, and for immortal gods, who occupy broad heaven. Eurybia2 too, a goddess among goddesses, bare to Crius, after union in love, huge Astræus, and Pallas, and Perses, who was transcendent in all sciences. And to Astræus Morn brought forth the strong-spirited winds, Argestes,3 Zephyr, swift-speeding Boreas, and Notus, when she, a goddess, had mingled in love with a god. And after them the goddess of morning produced the star Lucifer, and the brilliant stars wherewith the heaven is crowned.4

And Styx, daughter of Ocean, after union with Pallas, bare within the house Zelus and beauteous-ankled5 Victory; and

Here begins the enumeration of the progeny of the remaining Titans in the first place, Hyperion and Thia. I will be remarked that here Hesiod makes 'Helios a son of Hyperion; whereas in Homer (Il. viii. 408; Odyss. i. 8, xii. 133, &c.) Hyperion is the epithet of 'Heλog and elsewhere the names are used of the same god. The Sun was doubtless worshipped by the Greeks as Hyperion: and Hesiod seems to have first distinguished the two as father and son, when constructing his Theogony. Pindar calls Thia the origin of light and brightness, Isthm. v. 1. Catullus, lxiv. 44, mentions Sol as the son of Thia:

Ille quoque eversus mons est, quem maximum in oris

Progenies Thiæ clara supervehitur.

Eurybia is fitly in the Theogony connected with Crius, a god of supreme power in the earliest times of Greece. (Cf. 134.) Astræus, as the name imports, and as we find by ver. 381-2, is the father of Hesperus and the stars (Astra), as well as of the winds which rise in the morning. Pallas seems to be derived from πá\\w, vibro, (according to V. Lennep,) and to be connected with Neptune (ivvoolyaios). Perses, the father of Hecate, cf. 409, seems derived from πέρω, οι πείρω, and to indicate the far-darting god ("Εκατος).

3

Argestes.] V. Lennep considers this an epithet of Zephyr, the sky-clearer : "quòd discussis nubibus cœlum reddit candidum. Eurus is not mentioned here, as those enumerated belong to the steady winds called t❞0ɛɛç, in contradistinction to those called payαραι, cf. 872.

· τά τ' Ουρανὸς ἐστεφάνωται, is equivalent to καθ ̓ ἃ οὐφανὸς ἐστεpáværaι. Compare II. xviii. 485.

5 Elton renders this, "whose feet are beautiful in palaces," poetically but incorrectly. The construction is ἔτεκ ̓ εν μεγάροισι. Compare above, 240. V. Lennep.