No. 2. ΤΑ ΦΛΑΪΧΕΛΛΟΝ ΤΑ ΠΙΜΕΛΗΘΕΝΤΟΣ ΤΣΑΝΤΑΣΕΩΣ ΓΛΥΚΩ ΤΑ ΠΑΠΙΟΥ On one of the fountains outside the town is a bas-relief, in bad style, representing a gazelle-hunt. Many fragments of marble, with bas-reliefs, entablatures, &c., are seen in the walls of private houses. By the Turks, Philadelphia is now called Allah Shahr (God's city) -a name which, as Mr. Hamilton correctly observes (vol. II. p. 376), has sometimes been supposed (erroneously) to be the explanation of the words addressed to that church, the name of the city of my God." Its present comparative flourishing state, however, bears forcibly on the message of grace addressed to it by St. John: "I know thy works: behold, I have set before thee an open door, and no man can shut it; for thou hast a little strength, and hast kept my word, and hast not denied my name." (Rev. iii. 8.) Philadelphia is the residence of a Greek bishop, who adds to this title those of Laodicea, Hierapolis, and Colossœ. LAODICEA, The seventh and last of the Churches, the very site of which had been forgotten for centuries, was brought to light again, under its present name (Eski Hissar) by Mr. Smith and Sir Paul Rycaut towards the close of the seventeenth century. It was then, and is now, a melancholy mass of deserted ruins. "Because thou art lukewarm, and neither cold nor hot, I will spue thee out of my mouth." (Rev. iii. 16.) The ruins of an ancient church still exist. The hills on which Laodicea stands have been supposed by some travellers to be of volcanic origin; but they are entirely composed of aqueous beds, consisting of layers of marly chalky limestone, both compact and cellular, overlaid in some places by a loose micaceous sand-stone and pudding-stone. The surface of the hills is frequently covered with a rolled gravel of mica slate and quartz pebbles, derived from the lofty ridges of Cadmus (Baba Dagh). These beds have been shaken and fissured by the numberless earthquakes which have convulsed this part of Asia Minor; but they still maintain their nearly terminations at the east and west ends, which projected externally, as is evident by the direction of the broken ends of the wall. Mr. Hamilton, however, is of opinion that these bema-like terminations did not appear externally (vol. I. p. 14). They are common to many similar massive structures in Asia Minor. The stream which turns the mill of Sardis is not the Pactolus, as some have supposed. The Pactolus emerges from a gorge in Mount Tmolus, a few hundred paces to the west of this stream, by the ruins of the gigantic Ionic temple of Cybele, through the plain of Sardis, to the Hermus. The golden sands of this river, Tαктwλòv čvxpvσóv, could πακτωλὸν scarcely have derived their appellation from the gold they produced, as they are not auriferous, or from their colour, which is a light reddish brown, and not yellow. It glitters with numberless particles of mica, often gold-coloured, whence, perhaps, the epithet. The bed of the river contains rounded pebbles of mica-slate, clay-slate, limestone, quartz, jasper, and basanite, or Lydian stone, brought down from the steeps of Tmolus. The opening of some of the singular tumuli, composing the Necropolis of the Lydian kings, more especially that of Alyattes, is a desideratum to which I would fain direct the attention of the Society. It is probable their interior will be found to correspond with those singular tombs (supposed those of the Pelopides) on the hills near Bournabat, overlooking the Gulf of Smyrna. In case of this suggestion being carried into execution, it would be advisable to open some of the smaller tumuli, with a view to ascertain the mode of construction, previous to attacking the tomb of Alyattes. PHILADELPHIA. Philadelphia, the sixth of the Churches, now ranks after Smyrna and Pergamus in point of population, which amounts to 10,000 Turks and 3000 Greeks. It boasts of 25 churches, in 20 of which, however, service is performed only once a year. They are all small and mean, and contained many fragments of columns and ancient sculpture. A massive ruined pile, which had once an arched brick roof, like the structures at Sardis, was pointed out to me as the Church of the Apocalypse. On the road to this church I observed two inscriptions; the first on a sarcophagus used as a fountain, and the second on a stone reversed, built into a wall at the angle of a street. No. 1. ΓΑΙΟΥ ΙΟΥΛΙΟΥ ΤΥΡΑΝΝΟΥ No. 2. ΕΙΠΑ ΦΛΑΪΧΕΛΛΟΝ ΤΑ ΠΙΜΕΛΗΘΕΝΤΟΣ ΤΗΣΑΝΤΑΣΕΩΣ ΓΛΥΚΩ ΤΑ ΠΑΠΙΟΥ On one of the fountains outside the town is a bas-relief, in bad style, representing a gazelle-hunt. Many fragments of marble, with bas-reliefs, entablatures, &c., are seen in the walls of private houses. By the Turks, Philadelphia is now called Allah Shahr (God's city) —a name which, as Mr. Hamilton correctly observes (vol. II. p. 376), has sometimes been supposed (erroneously) to be the explanation of the words addressed to that church, the name of the city of my God." Its present comparative flourishing state, however, bears forcibly on the message of grace addressed to it by St. John: "I know thy works: behold, I have set before thee an open door, and no man can shut it; for thou hast a little strength, and hast kept my word, and hast not denied my name." (Rev. iii. 8.) Philadelphia is the residence of a Greek bishop, who adds to this title those of Laodicea, Hierapolis, and Colosso. LAODICEA, The seventh and last of the Churches, the very site of which had been forgotten for centuries, was brought to light again, under its present name (Eski Hissar) by Mr. Smith and Sir Paul Rycaut towards the close of the seventeenth century. It was then, and is now, a melancholy mass of deserted ruins. "Because thou art lukewarm, and neither cold nor hot, I will spue thee out of my mouth." (Rev. iii. 16.) The ruins of an ancient church still exist. The hills on which Laodicea stands have been supposed by some travellers to be of volcanic origin; but they are entirely composed of aqueous beds, consisting of layers of marly chalky limestone, both compact and cellular, overlaid in some places by a loose micaceous sand-stone and pudding-stone. The surface of the hills is frequently covered with a rolled gravel of mica slate and quartz pebbles, derived from the lofty ridges of Cadmus (Baba Dagh). These beds have been shaken and fissured by the numberless earthquakes which have convulsed this part of Asia Minor; but they still maintain their nearly ART. IV.-Ancient Sepulchres of Púnduvaram Déwal, in Southern India. By CAPTAIN NEWBOLD, F.R.S., &c. ABOUT three miles and a half to the E. N. E. of Chittoor, in North Arcot, lie the ancient sepulchres called Pánduvaram Déwal, in a secluded valley, hemmed in by rocks. The head of the valley is closed by a spur from the Eastern Ghauts, running nearly north and south. Through an abrupt transverse break in this ridge the stream which waters the valley runs to the Poinay river, which it joins about a mile further east. Beyond, and blue in the distance, a mass of irregular and strongly indented rocks closes the view to the eastward. Having passed over the ridge from the Chittoor side by a narrow stone causeway, and descended into this apparently isolated spot, I was astonished to find myself among the cromlech-like monuments of a race of which tradition even is silent. It was not yet dawn, but the pyramid of faint Aurora Borealis-like light, usually preceding it in India, and the stars, which glimmered brightly, threw an obscure light over the whole, in which the fantastic piles of grey granite, the tors, and logging-stones seemed to form part of this silent city of the dead, and harmonized strangely in their ghastly greyness with the unearthly aspect of the scene. As if nothing should be wanting to heighten the effect, sheets of summer lightning ever and anon lent their livid colouring to the scene. Seated on one of the tombs, I awaited the breaking of day in silent enjoyment. Dawn came at length, and I found myself in the midst of prostrate sepulchres, irregularly covering an area of more than a square mile. Having roused the Reddis, Karnams, and Taláris of a small village on the spot, I put myself under their guidance, and proceeded to a closer and more sober inspection of the locality than the stars and sheet-lightning, eked out by imagination, had afforded. To the right of the causeway the tombs were scanty, so we bent our course to the left, in the direction of the river. Here the valley, near the base of the hill, was completely covered with the great unhewn slabs, circles, and mounds of prostrate tombs. Two or three only had been left standing by the sacrilegious hands of the Indian quarriers and stone-masons-the Wudras-who, finding the enormous rough blocks and slabs of granite used in their construction more convenient than cutting them out of the adjacent rock, have not scrupled Other hands, still less scrupulous,-those of the hidden-treasure hunter and the antiquarian,-have assisted to scatter around the human bones and the fragments of the terra-cotta sarcophagi and vessels which the slabs once covered. On the ascent of the rocky ridge overlooking this great cemetery, the guides conducted me to three large tombs in tolerable preservation, surrounded by the remains of many others. The most perfect of the three lies to the N. E. of the group, crowning the summit of a high boss of bare rock. It consists, like most of the rest, of an enormous nearly-square slab of granite or gneiss laid flat on the bottom: this forms the floor. Four similar slabs, placed vertically on it, on their edges, constitute the sides; and another, still larger, placed horizontally on their top, forms an overhanging roof. The tombs are usually surrounded by one or two circles of stones, placed upright on their edges. The stones at the head and foot of the tombs are higher usually than the rest. Earth is often piled up in the interior and round the sides, giving the whole the appearance of standing on a low mound. Through one of the side slabs is cut a circular aperture, large enough to admit a moderate sized man's body, generally a little more than eighteen inches in diameter. The sarcophagi containing the bodies are placed on the floor-slab, and covered, to the depth of three or four feet, with earth. In many instances, the lower part of the tomb is sunk into the earth itself. The side slabs of the tomb in question do not rise above two feet above the surface of the earth and rubbish which cover their base. The circular hole is in the side slab, facing the N. E. The major axis of the tomb runs N. E. Having crept through the aperture, I found the interior nearly filled with earth and stones. The lips of the apertures are often much worn, as if by the constant friction of persons squeezing themselves in. These small apertures, and the lowness of the interior (being, as I have observed, filled to the depth of three or four feet) gave colouring to the vulgar tradition that this great cemetery was nothing less than a city of pigmies. The size of the bones of its once occupants fully disproves all fancies of this kind. The slab forming the roof measures 13 feet by 12, and its average thickness 4 inches. It projects 18 inches beyond the side walls, and is larger, though not so thick, as the roof slab of the great cromlech near Plas Newydd, in Anglesea, which measures 12 feet 7 inches by |