THIS tract of land was bounded northward by

the Montes Carpatici, now Crapach; eastward by the river Hierafus, now Prut, and the Ister or Danube; fouthward by the Danube again; westward by the River Patissus or Tibiscus, now the Theyffe.

Within this compass is now contained all Transylvania and Walachia, part of Moldavia, and that part of Upper Hungary that lies east of the River Theysse *.

It was divided into three parts; RIPENSIS, which had the towns Zurobara, and Zeugmac, now Temefwar, and Claufenberg. MEDITERRANEA, where stood the cities Zarmisogetusa or Colonia Ulpia Trajana, Alba Julia, and Patruissa, at present Verbeli, Weissemberg, and Constad. ALPESTRIS, the third part, contained no towns of note.

The division of the people into Daci and Gete is very ancient: those to the west, towards Germany, being called Daci, and those to the east, or towards the Euxine, were called Gete.

MOESIA was bounded on the north by the

Danube, which separated it from Dacia; on the east by the EUXINE Sea; on the south by Mount Emus; and on the west by Illyricum and Pannonia.

It was divided into MOESIA SUPERIOR, now called Servia, and MOESIA INFERIOR, now Bulgaria †. Its inhabitants were the DARDANI, the TRIBALTI, the TROGLODYTE, the PEUCESTA, and the GETE. Its chief town was Neffus, now Nissa. This country was joined by the Emperor Trajan to Dacia by an admirable bridge.

To the west of Moesia and Macedonia lay ILLYRIS, ILLYRIA, or ILLYRICUM, along the Sinus Adriaticus, up quite to Istria, in Italy; but whose exact limits are left undetermined both by ancient historians and geographers.

:

It was divided into two parts.

I. LIBURNIA, which contained the towns of Senia, Jadera, and Scardona, now known by the names of Zegna, Zara Vecchia, and Scardona.

II. DALMATIA, where stood the cities of Dulminium, Sicum, Salona, Narona, Epidaurus, Budua, Colchinium, Lissus, and Scodra; at present called Delminio, Sebenico, Spalato, Narenta, Ragusa, Budoa, Dolcigno, and Scutari *.

THIS country lay to the north-east of Greece,

being bounded northward by mount Emus; eastward by the Euxine Sea, the Thracian Bosphorus, and the Hellespont; southward by the mount Egeum ; and westward by the river Styrmon.

Among its people the chief were these; the BisTONES, CICONES, EDONES, ODRYSE, THYNI, BEBRYCES, SITHONI, BESSI, DENSELETÆ, MÆDI or MEDI.

Its chief city was BYZANTIUM, afterwards called Nova Roma, and now Constantinople. Other remarkable towns were Anus, Philippi, Neapolis, Adrianopolis, &c.

The inhabitants were the defcendants of Tiras, son of Japhet, and from hence received their name, Thraces. From their being a warlike people, Mars

• Ptolemy. Pliny.

was

was said to be born, and to have had his residence among them *.

SECTIΙΟΝ Χ.

GRÆCIA.

THE general names by which the Grecians were known by ancient geographers and historians, were those of Gaioi, and Graicoi, from one Gracus, the father of Thessalus. Those they foon after changed for Achei and Hellenes. Another name by which they were known in several parts of Greece, was that of Pelasgi, from Pelasgus, the founder of the Arcadian kingdom. But the most ancient name of all, is universally allowed to be that of Iones, derived from Ion, the son of Xuthus.

Greece was bounded on the east by the Egean sea, on the west by the Ionian, on the fouth by the Cretan, and by Thrace and Illyrium on the north.

It was divided into five parts, PELOPONNESUS, GRÆCIA PROPRIA OF HELLAS, EPIRUS, THESSALIA, and MACEDONIA, and comprehended the following kingdoms:

In Peloponnesus; the kingdoms of SICYON, ARGOS, MESSENIA, CORINTH, ACHAIA PROPRIA, ARCADIA, and LACONIA, of which Lacedæmon or Sparta was the metropolis.

Out of it, or in Grecia propria, those of ATTICA, with its chief city Athenæ, MEGARA, where stood the city Eleusis; BOEOTIA, its capital was Thebes; LOCRIS-EPICHNEMIDIA, whose chief town was Amplissa; Doris, with its capital of the name; PHOCIS, whose most considerable city was Delphi; LoCRISOZOLA, whose capital was Naupactus; and ÆтноLIA, whose only city of note was Enias.

* Sophocles, Euripides.

In

In Epirus; MOLOSSIA, where stood the sacred groves of Dodona; AMPHILOCHI, with its capital Amos Amphilocium; CASSIOPEI, with the city Caffiope; DRÆOPES; CHAONES, where stood the city Oricum; THRESPOTII, in this country stood the town Buthrotum; ALMENY, whose principal town was Nicopolis; and ACARNANIA, where was the famous promontory of Actium *.

V

In Theffaly, it contained the countries of the THESSALIOTIS, ESTIOTES, PELASGIOTIS, MAGNESIA, and PHTHIA.

In Macedonia, the TAULANTII, within whose territories stood the cities Epidamnus or Dyrrachium, and Apollonia; the PEONES, whose chief city was Alorus ; EMATHIA, Egea or Edessa was the capital; MYGDONIA, with the cities Antigonia, Letæ, and Terpilus; PIERIA, with the city Pydna; PARAXIS, in this country ftood the city Palena; AMPHAXITIS, where stood Thessalonica and Stagira; EDONIA, with the colonies of Amphipolis and Philippi; and CHALCIDICA, with the towns Angea, Singus, and Acanthus.

All these have, at one time or other, been feverally governed by kings of their own, whose names we find occafionally mentioned in the histories of the more confiderable kingdoms of Sicyon, Argos, and Mycene, Attica, Bæotia, Arcadia, Thessaly, Corinth, and Sparta; of the Argonautic expedition, and of the Trojan war.

Greece was remarkable; 1. for the oracle and temple of Dodona, sacred to Jupiter, in Molassia, a province of Epirus. The trees were faid to be endowed with human voice; and, therefore, the Argonauts built their ship Argo of them.

2. The river Acheron in Epirus, made by the poets one of the infernal streams.

* Celebrated on account of the victory Augustus gained over Antony and Cleopatra.

† Here were the plains of Pharsalia, where Cæfar routed Pompey,

‡ Famous for its being the region of the Muses, styled from hence Pierides,

3. Mount Olympus in Thessaly, celebrated among the poets for its extraordinary height.

4. The delightful valley of Tempe, about fix miles in length, and five in breadth, situate between the mountains of Offa, Pelion, and Olympus, so beautified with nature's gifts, and watered by the river Peneus, which ran through it, that it was reckoned the garden of the Muses.

5. The city of Delphi, in Phocis, famous for the temple and oracle of Apollo.

6. The Pythean games, which were instituted in honour of Apollo at Pythion, a city in Phocis.

7. The Eleusinian mysteries, in honour of Ceres, at Eleusis, a city in Attica.

8. The Nemean games, held in memory of Hercules' killing a lion, in the neighbourhood of Nemea, a city of Peloponnesus.

The province of BOEOTIA was famous for its thick, foggy air, and for the dullness and stupidity of its inhabitants; insomuch that calling a man a Bœotian, was the fame as calling him a stupid fellow.-Horace, speaking of a dull, heavy fellow, fays, Beotum jurares, crafso in aere natum.

SECTION ΧΙ.

I TALI A.

ANCIENT Italy was divided from Africa,

Greece, the ancient Dalmatia, and Liburnia, by the Tyrrhenian, Ionian, and Adriatic seas; and from Transalpine Gaul and Rhætia, by a long ridge of mountains called the Alps.

The country comprized within these boundaries was about goo miles in length; its breadth, owing to its shape, is very unequal, being, at the foot of the Alps, 550 miles; in the middle parts 136, and in some places scarcely 25.

Its

A