The Science of Society, Volume 4

Front Cover
Vols. 1-3 paged continuously. Vol. 4 by W.G. Sumner, A.G. Keller, and M.R. Davie."Published under the auspices of the Sumner Club on the foundation established in memory of Philip Hamilton McMillan of the class of 1894, Yale College." "Bibliographical note": v. 4, p. [1193]-1268.

From inside the book

Contents

33 Underpopulation
33
34 Concentration
34
35 Effect of Degrees of Density
35
36 The ArtsPolicy
36
37 Limitation of Numbers
37
38 The Standard of Living
38
39 Characteristics of the Standard
39
40 Drawbacks of the Standard
40
41 Predatory StandardSeeking Prudential Control
41
42
42
43 The LimitationPolicy
43
44 Inevitability of the Law of Population
44
Divisions of the Science of Society 45 Society a Living Whole
45
46 InstitutionBuilding
46
47 The Major Institutions
47
48 Order of Treatment
48
Factors 49 Original Destitution
49
50 Coercion to Organization
50
51 The Industrial Organization
51
52 Foresight 53 Labor
53
54 Incentives to Labor
54
55 Capital
55
56 The Simpler Terms of Maintenance
56
Fetishism continued Totemism 254 The Extraordinary
58
66 Reactions of SexSpecialization
66
67 Specialization in the FoodQuest
67
68 Specialization in Handicrafts
68
69 General Conclusion as to the Arts
69
Specialization and Coöperation 70 Specialization Other than by
70
71 Coercion to Activity
71
72 Rudimentary Specialization
72
73 The Organizing Function of Might
73
74 Specialization as Adaptation
74
75 Conditions of GroupSpecialization
75
76 Trade and
76
77 Transitional Forms
77
78 Exchange in the Industrial Organization
78
79 Exchanges in General
79
Capital 80 Primitive Improvidence
80
81 Motives to Accumulation
81
82 Religion and Capital
82
83 Capital and ClassDistinction
83
84 ProductionCapital
84
85 Capital among Hunters Herders and Tillers
85
86 Services of Capital
86
Fire 87 The Technique of SelfMaintenance
87
88 The Taming of Fire
88
89 Utilities of Fire
89
90 Keeping Fire
90
91 Fire and Socialization
91
92 Fire and Religion
92
93 Summary
93
Animals 94 Man and other Animals
94
95 Domestication
95
96 Artificial Selection
96
97 Animal Services
97
98 Pastoral Society
98
99 Animals in Religion
99
105 Slavery for Debt and Crime
105
106 Societal Effects
106
107 Extensions and Correlations Chapter XI Property
107
108 RootIdeas of Property
108
109 Appropriation makes Property
109
110 Property a Monopoly
110
111 Property is Societal
111
112 Property and the Socializing Forces
112
113 The Rôle of Vanity and of GhostFear
113
Forms of Property 114 Communal Property
114
115 Land the Crucial Case
115
116 Emplacement
116
117 Land as MaintenanceArea
117
118 Property in TillageLand
118
6 Association
119
120 Ownership by the Chief
120
121 Personal Property
121
122 Property in Trees
122
123 Personal Holdings in Land
123
124 Private Property in Land
124
Some Generalities on Property 125 Variation in PropertyForms
125
126 Fictions about Land
126
127 Communalism
127
128 Communalism as Insurance
128
129 Communalism as a Maladjustment
129
130 Schemes and Doctrines
130
131 PropertyForms as Evolutionary Adjustments
131
132 PropertyRights
132
133 Property and
133
134 Inheritance
134
135 The PropertyInstitution PART III
135
Antagonisms and War 136 Regulation as Maintenance
136
137 GroupHostility
137
138 Causes of
138
139 Warlikeness
139
140 WarUsages
140
142 The Drift toward Peace
142
143 The Services of
143
144 Militarism and Industrialism
144
141 Rules of
145
Associations 146 Rudimentary Groups
146
147 Kinship and Proximity
147
148 Composition of the Tribe
148
149 The Clan
153
Men 100 Enslavement
160
150 BloodBrotherhood
163
Pleasure
165
434 The Element of Pleasure
171
Government 152 Regulation 153 Embryonic Government
172
154 Tribal Government 155 The Chieftainship
183
187 Origin of the State
187
188 Confederation
188
189 Essentials in StateFormation
189
190 Feudalism
190
191 Aristocracy and Democracy
191
192 Public Opinion
192
193 The Liberation of Public Opinion
193
VOLUME II
194
195 What Luck
195
196 Good and Bad Luck
196
156 Succession and Distinction
197
198 Mental Outfit
198
199 Primitive Accuracies and Fallacies
199
200 Illusion
200
The SpiritEnvironment 201 GhostFear
201
202 The Shock of Death
202
203 Death not Inevitable
203
204 Inferences from Illusion
204
205 Dreams about the Dead
205
206 Projectivism
206
157 Women as Rulers
207
208 The Explanation of Luck
208
Animism 209 Nature of the Soul
209
158 Monarchy
210
159 Checks on Monarchy
212
Fraternities and Usages at Maturity 161 Secret Societies
216
162 Clubs
227
163 Initiation
233
435 Pastime and Play
251
Classes and Rights 164 Social Distinctions
252
101 Slavery and Hunting
254
255 The Lucky and Unlucky
255
256 The AnimalFetish
256
165 Caste
257
166 Plutocracy
262
291 Corporeal Cannibalism
291
292 Animistic Cannibalism
292
293 Survivals and Legends
293
Human Sacrifice 294 Nature of the Offering
294
295 Redemption and Covenant
295
296 Sacral or Sacrificial Prostitution
296
297 Survivals of Human Sacrifice
297
Eidolism 216 Beliefs about Ghosts
311
211 Transmigration and Reincarnation
314
Bibliography
316
212 The Name
319
213 Location of the Soul
327
214 All Things Have Souls
329
217 The GhostStatus
331
215 Inconsistencies
332
218 Mortuary Practices
335
219 Disposition of the Ghost
337
The GhostCult positive aspects 228 Propitiation 229 Human Sacrifice
390
230 FoodOfferings
392
231 Sacrifice of Property
397
232 Treatment of the Body
399
233 Miscellaneous Forms of Propitiation
403
Daimonism 235 The Extension of the GhostTheory
404
236 Daimonism as a WorldPhilosophy 237 The Art of Living 238 Transition to Daimonism 239 AncestorWorship
413
240 HeroWorship
420
241 Types of Daimon 242 The Animistic Basis
421
243 Fear of the Daimons
425
436 Gaming
436
244 The Familiar Spirit
437
438 Intoxicants and Narcotics
438
439 The Strain after Luxury
439
440 Line and Color
440
441 Rhythm
441
245 Deities
442
Ostentation and Prestige 443 Vanity
443
444 Fashion and Ostentation
444
445 Alterations of the Body
445
446 Treatment of the Skin and Hair
446
Fetishism 246 Possession
447
448 Clothing as Adjustment
448
247 The Fetish 248 Types of Fetishes
449
450 Scope of SelfGratification
450
451 Retrospect of SelfGratification PART VII
451
452 The Way of Science
452
453
453
454
454
Pitfalls Evidence 455 Quality of Evidence
455
456 Animal Series Category Fallacy Symbols
456
457 Relation with History
457
249 The Exuvial Fetish
458
459 Classification of the Social Sciences
459
Conclusions and Applications 460 Some Conclusions from Racial Experience
460
461 Interferences
461
462 Correctives to Thought
462
463 Pure Science
463
250 The HouseFetish
465
251 Hearth and AltarFetishes
466
252 The Word
469
253 The Image
471
257 The ManFetish 258 Ecstasy and Inspiration
518
Religious Aspects
522
Index
541
Social Aspects
547
Daimonology 262 Nature of Daimonology
549
the Evil
557
266 Disparagement Deception
566
267 Anticipation and Interrogation
570
The Taboo
573
268 Religious Nature of the Taboo
578
269 Societal Function 270 The Industrial Taboo
581
271 The FoodTaboo
583
272 The Property and Civic Taboos
594
Sin Exorcism Coercion 274
597
275 Remission
602
276 Exorcism
606
277 Coercitives
623
Propitiation 278 Nature of Propitiation 279 Ritual
632
280 Renunciation
637
281 Continence
640
282 SelfDiscipline 283 Vows Chapter XXXIV Sacrifice
641
284 Nature of Sacrifice
643
285 BargainSacrifice Prayer
645
286 Atonement
650
287 Insurance and Investment
651
288 The Burden of Sacrifice
652
Antecedents of Human Sacrifice 289 The FoodInterest 290 Cannibalism
659
298 Exuvial Sacrifice
690
Magic 299 Methods of Magic
696
300 Exuvial Magic
697
301 Other Instrumentalities
704
302 Imitative Magic
717
303 Nature of Magic 304 Sway of Magic 305 Applications of Magic 306 Effectiveness of Magic
724
307 Correction into Science
729
Shamanism 308 The Black
733
309 The Shaman 310 The FetishMan
739
311 Induced Possession
750
312 Reputed Powers of the Shaman
757
Functions of the Shaman 313 Shamanistic Practice
764
314 RainMaking
777
3256
778
315 Theory of Disease
784
316 Diagnosis and Treatment
789
317 Therapeutics
799
318 Medicines
819
319 Science and Superstition 320 Social Position of the Shaman
825
Religion in General 322 Alleged Absence of Religion
831
323 Nature of Religion
832
324 Conservatism of Religion
837
325 Religion is Evolutionary
841
Specialization 57 Specialization by
843
The Formative Stage
846
Evolution by Restriction
863
350 Cause of the Taboo
869
Endogamy and Exogamy
879
355 The Ascendancy of Exogamy
886
398 Polygyny
905
Purchase and Dowry 361 WifePurchase
910
362 Transitional Forms 363 The AmbilAnak 364 Dowry
917
Further Preliminaries to Marriage 365 GroupConsent and Test
923
366 Chastity
933
167 ClassEvolution 168 Rights
934
367 Courtship
937
368 Betrothal
942
The Wedding
944
369 Reason for the Ceremony
946
370 Nature of the Ceremony
948
371 Survivals and Symbols
951
372 Religious Aspects
958
373 Defensive and Propitiatory Measures
959
374 The Continuance of Precaution
961
Status of Woman 375 Matrimony 376 SexRights in Marriage
962
377 Status of Woman 378 Minimal Rights 379 LibertyRights
963
380 Woman as Property
970
381 The MarriageMark 382 Types of Disposition over Women
974
383 Infidelity
982
384 Other Rights and Disqualifications
984
Status of Woman 385 The Formation of SexRights 386 The MaintenanceFactor in Status 387 Woman and Tillage 388 The SexFactor in Status
995
Dissolution of Wedlock 392 Divorce
1003
393 Divorce as an Adjustment 394 Widowhood
1014
395 The Lot of the Widow
1015
Plural and PairMarriage 396 Numerical Limitation The StatusWife 397 Polyandry
1024
399 Some Features of Polygyny 400 Monogyny
1040
Posterity 402 PopulationPolicy 403 Restriction of Numbers
1043
404 Infanticide
1045
405 Causes of Infanticide
1046
406 Sterility and Fecundity
1054
407 Pregnancy and the Couvade
1060
408 Childbirth
1066
169 Rights and Might
1069
409 Solicitude for Posterity
1072
410 Treatment of Children
1080
FamilyOrganization 411 The BloodBond 412 Descent 413 The Family 414 Primitive FamilyOrganization
1083
415 SexAscendancy
1086
The MotherFamily
1102
Transition to the Patriarchate 418 Transitional Forms 419 The FatherFamily
1109
420 Comparisons and Contrasts 421 The MotherFamily as an Adjustment
1135
Relationships and FamilyLife 423 Terms of Address
1137
424 Significance of Nomenclature 425 RelationshipMores
1144
426 Artificial Relationship
1155
427 FamilyLife
1160
428 Treatment of the
1162
Retrospective 429 The MaintenanceSubstructure 430 The Function of Idealization 431 Unrealities 432 Modern PairMarriage 433 The PairMarriage ...
1165
170 Rights and the PeaceGroup 171 Natural Rights 172 The Right to Life
1228
173 Societys Interests and Rights 174 Equality
1286
175 Liberty
1290
Administration of Justice 176 GroupControl
1291
177 Retaliation
1292
178 BloodVengeance 179 Justice
1293
326 Religion and the Mores
1296
327 Religion and Morals
1297
102 Slavery and Herding 103 Slavery and Tillage 104 Slavery as an Adjustment
1303
180 Natural Law 181 The Mores and Laws
1305
Modification of the ManLand Ratio
1310
59 SexMores 860 SexCodes 61 SexDestiny
1317
62 Woman and Marriage
1318
63 The Sexes are Complementary 64 Coercion of Woman
1321
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Page 434 - And it came to pass, as they were burying a man, that, behold, they spied a band of men ; and they cast the man into the sepulchre of Elisha : and when the man was let down, and touched the bones of Elisha. he revived, and stood up on his feet.
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