emerald, or with plaques of faïence, or Egyptian porcelain; it is often declared that the art of enamelling was practised in Egypt, but the evidence on which this assertion rests is not conclusive. Extraordinary skill is exhibited in the inlaying of objects with linear and floral designs in gold, one of the finest examples of this kind of work being the spear-head of King Kames, about 1750 B.C. The potter's art is one in which the Egyptian has always excelled, and even at the present day, if the demand existed, there is nothing which is made of mud or clay that he would not quickly produce. The pottery from the excavations which have been made during the last fifteen or twenty years on pre-dynastic sites in Egypt, proves that the primitive inhabitants of the land made their earthenware vessels without the help of the potter's wheel. They were, at first, small in size and undecorated, and were probably used chiefly for funereal purposes. At a very early period the Egyptians discovered how to make their pots black and shiny, and later they began to decorate them with incised patterns, and to paint their outer surfaces with a white slip. At a still later period they succeeded in making jars to hold wine, unguents, and grain, or flour, of a large size, some of them being about three feet high. With the advent of the dynastic Egyptians, it became the fashion to use funereal vessels made of stone instead of earthenware, and of these large collections are to be seen in the National Museums of Europe. The stones used in making such vessels are granite, basalt, breccia, diorite, quartzite, marble, and alabaster of all kinds, &c. These are cut and shaped and smoothed and polished with extraordinary skill, and in many cases the forms of the vessels are exceedingly graceful. The small vessels, e.g., unguent flasks and vases for scents, which were made during the Archaic Period are very pretty, and the necks and handles prove that the skill of the stone-worker at that time was very great. 9. A List of the Names of the Principal Egyptian Kings. THE visitor to Egypt who takes an interest in the ancient Egyptian monuments will notice on the obelisks, walls of temples, &c., the frequent occurrence of the oval with a number of hieroglyphics inside it; to this oval the name cartouche has been given, and the characters inside it form the name of some royal personage. The suggestion that cartouches contained royal names was first made by Zoëga in the last quarter of the 18th century. Cartouches carefully cut in stone show that the object which encloses the name is in reality a cord, which is tied in a knot at one end, and it seems that the knotted cord was believed in early times to protect the royal name, and therefore the royal personage who bore it. Cartouche in Egyptian is called SHENNU Я and its oldest form is circular, as we see from the scene on the vase of King Besh, whose name is written on it in a circle thus shen This circle symbolized the Qor circular course of the sun about the universe, and when the king's name was written inside it, the meaning was that the king was the representative of the Sun-god, that his rule extended to every part of the course of the sun, and that both he and his name would, like the sun, endure for ever. The texts prove that in the dynastic period a king possessed five royal names or titles. Thus the Horus-name of Apries was "Uaḥ-ȧb"; his Nebti-name was "Nebkhepesh "; his Horus-of-gold name was "Seuatch-Taui" his Nesu båt name was Haa-ab-Rā"; and his Son-of-Rā name was "Uaḥ-ab-Ra." The Horus-name, or Ka-name as it is sometimes called, was written in a rectangular space film which is called serekh ↓↓· 1 i"; Some think that the serekh represented a "sort of banner," or "cognizance," but it is tolerably certain that it represented the funerary abode in which the Ka, or double of the king, lived. In the earliest times, when the Hawk-god Horus was the chief object of worship in the country, the king, as his representative on earth, took a special title, just as in later days, when Rã took the place of Horus, the king assumed a new title as the Son of Ra. The title "lord of [the shrine of] the vulture, lord of [the shrine of] the dates from the time when the city of Nekhebet uræus in Upper Egypt and of Per-Uatchet in Lower Egypt represented the two great ecclesiastical divisions of Egypt. In the king lists it is common to give the name of a king as King of the nesu bat, and his name as the son of South and North Rā 12* Sa Ra, and in inscriptions on monuments, etc., two cartouches will usually be found whenever the king's names are mentioned, thus In modern books the first cartouche is said to contain the prenomen, and the second the nomen. The earlier kings bore short, simple names, as "Kings of the South and North," e.g., TETA, etc.; in the XVIIIth and MENA (Menes) later dynasties they became much longer, e.g., Usr-khau-Rasetep-en-Ra-meri-Åmen (Set-Nekht), Kheper-sekhem-Rā-setepen Rā (Osorkon I.). Kings sometimes prefixed to their car touches the titles NETER NEFER ¶, “beautiful god,” NEB "lord of the two lands," i.e., "lord of the South title Pharaoh (), which we find in the Bible, is derived it indicates that the king was regarded as the "Great House" in which all men lived. In late times this title was loosely used, and was often given to, or usurped by, petty rulers and governors, who had no right at all to style themselves Pharaoh. The following is a list of the prenomens and nomens of Egyptian kings which are of common occurrence, with transliterations into Roman letters. The first hundred or so belong to the period which begins with Menȧ, the unifier of the two Egypts, and ends with Nectanebus II., the last native king of Egypt; these are found on scarabs as well as on monuments of all kinds. The remainder of the cartouches contain the |