3. Modern Egypt is divided for administrative purposes into Fourteen Provinces, of which six are in Lower Egypt and eight in Upper Egypt. Lower Egypt contains :—— 1. Baḥêrah, with eleven districts; the capital is Damanhûr, and the population (including the Oasis of Siwah, 3,267) is 892,246. 2. Kalyubiyah, with four districts; the capital is Banhâ, and the population is 528,581. 3. Sharkîyah, with six districts; the capital is Zaķâzîk, and the population is 955,497. 4. Dakhaliyah, with six districts; the capital is Manşûrah, and the population is 986,643. 5. Manûfîyah, with five districts; the capital is Shibîn al-Kôm, and the population is 1,072,636. 6. Gharbiyah, with eleven districts; the capital is Tanțâ, and the population is 1,659,313. Upper Egypt contains: 1. Gîzah, with four districts; the capital is Al-Gîzah, and the population is 524,352. 2. Bani-Suwêf, with three districts; the capital is BaniSuwêf, and the population is 452,893. 3. Minyâ, with eight districts; the capital is Minyâ, and the population is 763,922. This number includes the people of the Oasis of Bahrîyah, and of the Oasis of Farâfrah (6,497). 4. Asyût, with nine districts; the capital is Asyût, and the population is 981, 197. This number includes the people of the Oasis of Dâkhlah (17,699), and of the Oasis of Khârgah (8,160). 5. Girgâ, with five districts; the capital is Sûhâk, and the population is 863,234. 6. Kanâ, with six districts; the capital is Kanâ, and the population is 840,317. 7. Aswân, with three districts; the capital is Aswân, and the population is 253,340. 8. Fayyûm, with three districts; the capital is Madînat al-Fayyum, and the population is 507,617. The large towns like Alexandria, Port Sa'îd, Isma‘îlîyah, Suez, Cairo, Damietta, Al-'Arîsh, are generally governed by native rulers; to these must be added the province of Aswân. 4. Population of Egypt.—In a country like Egypt, which contains so many people who only live in the country for a part of each year, it is exceedingly difficult to obtain an accurate statement of the number of the inhabitants. Ancient Egyptian texts throw no light on the matter, and we may assume that the Egyptians, like most other Oriental peoples, took no trouble to number the people; so long as kings and governors could "squeeze" out of the inhabitants whatever supplies they needed, the number of the inhabitants who contributed to them mattered little. According to Mommsen, 7,500,000 people paid poll-tax in the reign of Vespasian, and if, as he believed, about 500,000 were exempt, it follows that the population of Egypt under the Romans amounted to about 8,000,000, without reckoning slaves. In 1800 the population was said to be about 2,460,200, and some fifty or sixty years later Sir Gardner Wilkinson, who knew Egypt well, estimated it at one million less. In 1821 the population was 2,536,400, and in 1846, 4,476,440. The census published in 1884 declared that in 1882 the population of Egypt amounted to 6,831,131 persons, of whom 3,216,847 were men, and 3,252,869 were women. Included in the number of 6,831,131 persons were 98, 196 nomads, 245,779 desert Arabs (commonly called Badawîn), and 90,886 foreigners. According to the census of 1897 the population of Egypt amounted to 9,734,405 persons, of whom 4,947,850 were males and 4,786,555 were females; in Upper Egypt the population was 4,058,296, and in Lower Egypt, 5,676,109. These people occupied 3,692 towns and villages, and 14,449 hamlets and smaller collections of houses. The number of houses occupied was 1,422,302, and the increase in the population. since 1882 is 43 per cent. The Muḥammadans numbered 8,978,775, the Jews 25,200, and the Christians 730,162. The population of Cairo is 790,939 (Muslims 631,163, Christians 128,988, Jews 29,207); of Alexandria, 444,617 (Muslims 322,437, Christians 94,525, Jews 28,858); Port Sa'îd, 70,873; Ismailiyah, 15,507; Al-'Arîsh, 404; Suez, 30,996; Sinai, 655; Damietta, 30,984; Tanțâ, 210,877; Manṣûrah, 122,048; Zakâzîk, 227,422; Asyût, 92,855; Asyût, 92,855; Madînat al-Fayyûm, 122,285. The total population of Egypt, including 97,381 nomads, was in 1907, 11,287,359, of which 5,667,074 were males and 5,620,285 females. As Egypt contains 12,026 square miles, the density of the population was 939 to the square mile. The net increase during the ten years 1897-1907 was 1,570, 131, or 16 per cent., which gives an annual increase of 15 per cent. between 1897 and 1907. The increase of population in Cairo was 84,414, and in Alexandria 50,243 persons. The number of Muḥammadans in 1897 was 8,992,203, or 92'2 per cent. of the population; in 1907 it was 10,269,445, or 918 per cent. of the population. The number of Copts in 1897 was 609,511, or 6.25 per cent. of the population; in 1907 it was 706,322, or 6'31 per cent. of the population. Of the Copts the Orthodox numbered 667,036, the Roman Catholic 14,576, and the Protestant 24,710 in 1907; in 1897 the numbers were 592,374, 4,630, and 12,507 respectively. The Jews numbered 38,635 in 1907. The Census taken during the night of March 6-7, 1917, shows that the population of all Egypt was in that year a little over 12,700,000, i.e. an increase of 1,400,000 above the total of 1907. No country in Europe is so densely populated as Egypt. On July 1, 1919, the population was 12,878,000; the births were 493,488, or 38 per 1,000 of the population, and the deaths 383,869 or 30 per 1,000 of the population. The reader will remember that during the winter of 1910-11 certain members of the Coptic community, who numbered in 1907 about 6.31 per cent. of the population, complained bitterly of the treatment which they received from the British rulers of Egypt as compared with their Muḥammadan fellow-countrymen. A number of self-constituted representatives (about 500) of the Copts, who could not claim to represent more than 12,000 of their co-religionists, assembled in Congress at Asyût, and claimed ::-. The right of the Copts to take advantage of the educational facilities provided by the new Provincial Councils. 2. Recognition of capacity as the sole test for and smaller collections of houses. The number of houses occupied was 1,422,302, and the increase in the population since 1882 is 43 per cent. The Muḥammadans numbered 8,978,775, the Jews 25,200, and the Christians 730,162. The population of Cairo is 790,939 (Muslims 631,163, Christians 128,988, Jews 29,207); of Alexandria, 444,617 (Muslims 322,437, Christians 94,525, Jews 28,858); Port Sa'îd, 70,873; Ismailiyah, 15,507; Al-'Arîsh, 404; Suez, 30,996; Sinai, 655; Damietta, 30,984; Tanțâ, 210,877; Manşûrah, 122,048; Zakâzîk, 227,422; Asyût, 92,855; Madînat al-Fayyûm, 122,285. The total population of Egypt, including 97,381 nomads, was in 1907, 11,287,359, of which 5,667,074 were males and 5,620,285 females. As Egypt contains 12,026 square miles, the density of the population was 939 to the square mile. The net increase during the ten years 1897-1907 was 1,570,131, or 16 per cent., which gives an annual increase of 15 per cent. between 1897 and 1907. The increase of population in Cairo was 84,414, and in Alexandria 50,243 persons. The number of Muḥammadans in 1897 was 8,992,203, or 92'2 per cent. of the population; in 1907 it was 10,269,445, or 918 per cent. of the population. The number of Copts in 1897 was 609,511, or 6.25 per cent. of the population; in 1907 it was 706,322, or 631 per cent. of the population. Of the Copts the Orthodox numbered 667,036, the Roman Catholic 14,576, and the Protestant 24,710 in 1907; in 1897 the numbers were 592,374, 4,630, and 12,507 respectively. The Jews numbered 38,635 in 1907. The Census taken during the night of March 6-7, 1917, shows that the population of all Egypt was in that year a little over 12,700,000, i.e. an increase of 1,400,000 above the total of 1907. No country in Europe is so densely populated as Egypt. On July 1, 1919, the population was 12,878,000; the births were 493,488, or 38 per 1,000 of the population, and the deaths 383,869 or 30 per 1,000 of the population. The reader will remember that during the winter of 1910-11 certain members of the Coptic community, who numbered in 1907 about 6.31 per cent. of the population, complained bitterly of the treatment which they received from the British rulers of Egypt as compared with their Muḥammadan fellow-countrymen. A number of self-constituted representatives (about 500) of the Copts, who could not claim to represent more than 12,000 of their co-religionists, assembled in Congress at Asyût, and claimed :—1. The right of the Copts to take advantage of the educational facilities provided by the new Provincial Councils. 2. Recognition of capacity as the sole test for |