bud type, and of these two remain perfect. Each column represents four lotus stems with unopened buds, tied together below the buds, and is brilliantly painted in red, blue, and yellow. This tomb contains two shafts leading to mummy chambers, and is decorated with a large number of scenes which have, however, much in common with those in the other tombs already described.

In December, 1902, Professor Garstang began a systematic excavation of the cemetery at Beni-Ḥasân, or at least of that portion of it which remained untouched by the Egypt Exploration Fund. By May, 1903, the number of tombs which he examined was about 500, and by March, 1904, this number had risen to 888. A description of certain typical tombs was published by him in Annales du Service, tom. v, p. 215.ff., and a full account of his operations has now been published.

Rôdah, with 9,483 inhabitants, 176 miles from Cairo, the seat of a large sugar manufactory, lies on the west bank of the river, just opposite Shêkh 'Abâdah, with 2,074 inhabitants, or Antinoë, a town built by Hadrian, and named by him after his favourite Antinous, a Bithynian youth, who was drowned (or drowned himself) here in the Nile. To the south of Antinoë lies the Coptic convent of Abû Honnês, ¿.e., Dêr Abu-Ḥinnis, with 2,463 inhabitants, and in the districts in the immediate neighbourhood are the remains of several Coptic buildings which date back to the fourth century of our era. A little to the south-west of Rôḍah, lying inland, are the remains of the city of Hermopolis Magna, called in Egyptian Khemennu, in Coptic Shmûn, and in Arabic Al-Ashmûnên, with 9,828 inhabitants; the tradition which attributes the building of this city to Ashmûn, son of Misr, is worthless. The Greeks called it Hermopolis, because the Egyptians there worshipped Thoth, the scribe of the gods, who was named by the Greeks Hermes. A little distance from the town is the spot where large numbers of the ibis, a bird sacred to Thoth, were buried.

About five miles south of Antinoë, and seven miles from Ashmûnên in a direct line across the Nile, on the north side of the rocky valley behind the modern Coptic village of Dêr Al-Nakhlah, or Dêrût Umm-Nakhlah, with 4,559 inhabitants, is a very important group of ancient Egyptian tombs at the place called Al-Barshah, with 2,420 inhabitants.

The most interesting of these is the Tomb of Teḥuti-hetep, the chief of the XVth nome of Upper Egypt, who flourished. during the reigns of Amen-em-hat II, Usertsen II, and Usertsen III, in the XIIth dynasty. The façade consists of two fine columns with palm-leaf capitals, supporting a massive architrave, all coloured pink, and marbled with pale green to represent rose granite; the ceiling is painted blue and studded with quatrefoils, and the walls were sculptured with hunting and other scenes. The main chamber measures 25 feet by 20 feet by 13 feet, and on the upper part of the left-hand wall is the famous painting of the "Colossus on a Sledge," in which we see a huge alabaster statue of the deceased being dragged along by nearly 200 men. This statue, we are told in the inscriptions, was 13 cubits in height, i.e., nearly 21 feet, and it must have weighed about 60 tons; the work of transporting this mass from the mountain many miles distant, where it was quarried, must have been enormous. Of Tehuti-hetep's career little is known, but the wealth and position of the man are sufficiently indicated by the fact that. he was able to undertake such a work. The tomb was discovered by Messrs. Mangles and Irby about August 26th, 1817.

Mallawî, with 24,963 inhabitants, 185 miles from Cairo, is situated on the west bank of the river; it is the Manlaŭ of Coptic writers, and there were many Christian churches in the town, among others one dedicated to Abatir, one to Mercurius, one to St. George, one to Gabriel the Archangel, one to Raphael the Archangel, and two to the Virgin and to Michael the Archangel.

Passengers by rail alight at Dêr Mawâs (with 10,973 inhabitants) for Ḥaggî Kandil, or Al-Hâgg Kandil, with 1,250 inhabitants, or Tall al-'Amârnah, 195 miles from Cairo. It lies on the east bank of the river, about five miles from the ruins of the city built on both sides of the Nile by Khu(Åakhu)en-Åten, Amenophis IV, the famous "heretic " king of the XVIIIth dynasty, whose prenomen was Neferkheperu-Rā uã-en-Ra. Amenophis IV was the son of Amenophis III, by Ti, the daughter of Iuȧa and Thuȧu, whose tomb was discovered by Mr. T. M. Davis in 1905. When the young prince Amenophis IV grew up, it was found that he had conceived a rooted dislike to the worship of Amen-Ra, the king of the gods and great lord of Thebes, and that he preferred the worship of the disk of the sun to that of Amen-Ra; as a sign of his opinions he called himself "spirit of Åten," and "beloved of Aten" instead

of the usual and time-honoured "beloved of Amen." In answer to the objections of the priesthood of Amen, the king ordered the name of Åmen-Ra to be chiselled out of all the monuments, even from his father's names. Rebellion then broke out, and Khu-en-Åten thought it best to leave Thebes, and to found a new city for himself at a place between Memphis and Thebes, now called Tall al-'Amârnah. The position of the city on the right or east bank was about five miles long and three and a quarter broad, and the hills enclosed it in the form of a crescent. The boundaries of the city were marked by at least fourteen huge stelae; the greater number of these are on the east bank. The famous architect Bek, whose father Men served under Amenophis III, designed the temple buildings, and in a very short time a splendid town, with beautiful granite sculptures, sprang out of the desert. As an insult to the Thebans, the king built a sandstone and granite temple at Thebes in honour of the god Harmachis. When Khu-enÅten's new town, Khut(Åakhut)-åten, "the spirit (?) of the sun's disk," was finished, his mother Ti came to live there; and here the king passed his life quietly with his mother, wife, and seven daughters. He performed all the duties of high priest of Åten, and offered up offerings of incense on the altar of the god. To him the solar disk (ÅTEN) was the visible symbol of the Almighty God its Creator, who was ONE. He died leaving no male issue, and each of the husbands of his daughters became king.

The length of the king's reign does not seem to have been more than 12 or 15 years, and certainly long before the reign of Rameses II the beautiful city which Khu-en-Åten built had been made to fall into ruins. Fortunately, however, the ruins are very instructive, and they allow visitors to follow its plan with success. In 1887 a number of important cuneiform tablets were found by a native woman near the palace, and most of these may be seen in the Museums of London, Berlin, and Cairo. They are inscribed with letters and despatches from kings of countries in and about Mesopotamia and from governors of cities in Palestine and Syria, and those from the last-named countries show that, whilst the heretic king was occupying himself with theological problems and artistic developments, his Empire was falling to pieces. Among the tombs of special interest are:--(Northern Group) No. 1. Tomb of Pa-nehsi, which seems to have been used as a church by the Copts; No. 2. Tomb of Pentu, inscribed with a hymn to

Åten; No. 3. Tomb of Meri-Rā, which is probably the most characteristic of the period, with sacrificial scenes, hymns to Åten, plans of houses, and scenes of the crowning of officials; No. 4. Tomb of Aāḥmes, with a hymn to Åten; No. 5. Tomb of an unknown official which was being built when King Rā-sāa-ka came to the throne; and No. 7, a tomb which mentions the receipt of tribute from vassal nations. The scenes and portraits in this tomb are of great interest. (Southern Group.) The Tomb of Tutu, with hymns to Aten; and the Tomb of Ải, the successor of King Khu-en-Åten. The Tomb of Khu-en-Åten lies several miles away from the river, and it is chiefly interesting on account of the scenes of sun-worship which are depicted in it.

Excavations. In 1890-92 Professor Petrie excavated a· large section of the city and the palace of Amen-ḥetep, in which he uncovered some brightly painted plaster pavements. These very remarkable objects were wantonly destroyed by the natives in 1912, and very few fragments of them were preserved. In 1911-14 the Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft carried out a series of excavations on the site and cleared out a number of wells and bathrooms, which were provided with sanitary accommodation. In other parts of the site workshops were found, and among the ruins inside them many small models, etc., were discovered. The architects attached to the expedition did excellent work in investigating the size of the site of the city of Amen-hetep IV, and Borchardt thinks that it was about five miles long and one mile broad. The excavators found evidence that the site had been occupied long before the "heretic King" built his city there, and it is a little doubtful if it became a ruin as soon after his death as is usually supposed. The Society published the results of a careful survey of the city on each side of the river in a map edited by Herr Paul Timme, which for clearness and fullness leaves nothing to be desired. The excavation of the site is beng carried on by Professor Peet for the Egypt Exploration Fund, and there is good reason to think that it will be exhaustive. The ancient cemeteries of Cusae lie in the neighbourhood of Mîr (population 7,216), some miles to the west, and many of the tombs of the Middle Empire are well worth visiting. In the tombs of the Roman Period many of the mummies were provided with painted plaster portrait busts, and many Greek papyri have been found in the coffins. Gabal Abú Fêdah.-Seventeen miles south of Haggî

Kandil, 209 miles from Cairo, on the east side of the river, is the range of low mountains about 12 miles long known by this name. Passing Dêrût ash-Sharîf with 10,184 inhabitants, and Bawît, with 1,686 inhabitants, and Nazâli Gânûb, with 3,165 inhabitants, we come to Al-Kuşîyah (with 11,212 inhabitants), which marks the site of the Greek city of Cusae, the Qes of the hieroglyphic texts, and the capital of the XIVth nome of Upper Egypt. The name seems to mean, "the town of the mummy bandages." According to Ælian (H.A. x, 27), the goddess of the city was worshipped under the form of a white cow. Towards the southern end of this range there are some crocodile mummy pits.

Manfalût, with 14,482 inhabitants, 220 miles from Cairo on the west bank of the Nile, occupies the site of an ancient Egyptian town. Leo Africanus says that the town was destroyed by the Romans, and adds that it was rebuilt under Muḥammadan rule. In his time he says that huge columns and buildings inscribed with hieroglyphs were still visible. The Coptic name Ma-en-balot, "place of the sack," is the original of its Arabic name to-day. Quite close on the east bank is Ma'abdah (population 7,986), in the hills of which was found a burial place full of mummies of Crocodiles. al-Gabrâwi are many fine tombs of the VIth dynasty.

At Dêr Asyût,* 249 miles from Cairo, with 51,431 inhabitants, is the capital of the province of the same name, and the seat of the Inspector-General of Upper Egypt; it stands on the site of the ancient Egyptian city called Saut, whence the Arabic name Siût or Asyût, and the Coptic Siôut. The Greeks called the city Lycopolis, or "wolf city," probably because the jackalheaded Anubis was worshipped there. In ancient Egyptian times the sacred name of the city was Per-Anpu, and it formed the capital of the XVIIth or Anubis nome of Upper Egypt. Asyût is a large city, with spacious bâzârs and fine mosques; it is famous for its red pottery, carved ivory figures and sticks, inlaid tables, boxes, Kur'ân stands, articles in leather, headcloths, shawls worked with gold and silver, and strings of really beautiful round ivory beads, and for its market, to which wares from Arabia and Upper Egypt are brought. The American Missionaries have a large establishment, and the education of the natives is carried on here on a large scale. The Asyût Training College was specially established * An American Consular Agent is stationed here.