the relatives and friends of the dead who assembled there at certain times during the year. From the circular gallery a staircase leads to the second stage of the tomb, which contains the chief sarcophagus chamber; but a little way down it forks, and passes round the entrance (G) to the third or lowest stage of the tomb. The ante-chamber (H) of the tomb, or pronaos, contains two Egyptian columns which support a cornice ornamented with the winged solar disk, hawks, &c., in relief. In each of the side walls of the chamber is a niche, in the form of an Egyptian pylon; that on the right contains the statue of a man, that on the left the statue of a woman. It has been thought that these niches are ancient openings in the walls which were closed up for the purpose of receiving the statues. The door of the actual funeral chamber (1) is ornamented with the winged solar disk, and a cornice of uræi; on each side of the door, on a pylon-shaped pedestal, is a large serpent wearing the double crown , and with each are the caduceus of Hermes and the thyrsus of Dionysos. These serpents are probably intended to represent the goddesses Uatchet and Nekhebet, or Powers of the Græco-Egyptian Underworld. Above each serpent is a circular shield with a Gorgon's head.

The roof of the funeral chamber is vaulted, and the stone is of the colour of old gold; at each corner is a pilaster with a composite capital. In each of the three sides is a niche containing a sarcophagus, which is hewn out of the solid rock; the fronts of the three sarcophagi are ornamented with festoons of vine leaves and bunches of grapes, the heads of bulls, heads of Medusa, &c. Curiously enough no one seems to have been laid in them. In the principal relief of the right niche we see the figure of a king, or prince, wearing the crowns of the South and North, making an offering of a deep collar or breastplate to the Apis Bull, which stands on a pylonshaped pedestal, and has a disk between its horns; behind Apis stands Isis with a solar disk encircled by a uræus upon her head, and holding in her right hand the feather of Maat. The walls of the niches are ornamented with figures of Egyptian gods, and in the central niche is a scene in which the mummy of the deceased is represented lying upon its bier. The bier has the usual form, but above the lion's head is the Atef crown of Osiris, and at the feet is the feather of Maat. By the side of the bier stands Anubis, with the solar

A. Circular staircase (entrance). B. Corridor with semicircular recesses. C. Rotunda. D. Circular gallery. E. Chambers. F. Staircase to second stage. G. Entrance to third stage. H. Ante-chamber. I. Funeral chamber. J. Sarcophagus chamber. K. Funeral chambers with cavities for dead bodies.

disk and uræi Os on his head; at the head of the bier stands Thoth, and at the feet is Horus, and under the bier are vases, containing the intestines of the deceased, dedicated to

BA The Pronaos and Entrance to the Funeral Chamber.

Qebḥsenuf (hawk-headed), Ķestȧ (human-headed), and Hapi (ape-headed). To the right and left of the door are figures of:-1. Anubis, standing upright, in human form,

I

jackal-headed, with a solar disk on his head; his right hand rests upon the edge of a shield which stands on the ground by his side, and in his left he clasps a spear; round his neck and shoulder hangs a belt from which is suspended a short sword. 2. Set (?), in the form of a human body with arms and hands of a man, and the head and tail of a crocodile; in his right hand he clasps a spear, and in the left the end of a cloak.

Round the funeral chamber in which these reliefs occur, on three sides, is a comparatively spacious gallery, in the walls of which are hollowed-out cavities, each large enough to hold three dead bodies; there are traces of the names of those who were buried in them. At the north-west corner of this gallery is a corridor which leads into four other chambers, two of which have in them niches for sarcophagi, and two are provided with cavities wherein bodies might be laid on stone slabs at intervals, one above the other. We have already mentioned a third stage of the tomb, which was approached by an entrance situated just below the place where the staircase leading from the first to the second stage forked; this is now filled with water, and cannot be investigated. The tomb is the most interesting of all the tombs of the Roman period which have been found in Alexandria, and is very instructive. It is, unfortunately, impossible to assign an exact date to it, but it was probably built in the first century B.C. or the first century A.D. The name of the man for whom it was built is unknown, but it is clear that he was of high rank, and there is no doubt that his religion was au fond Egyptian. The artistic treatment of the figures of the gods, and of the walls, pillars, &c., exhibits strong Roman influence, and the mixture of the two styles of funereal art is better illustrated in this tomb than in any other of the period to which it belongs. It is hard to explain why the sarcophagi in the niches of the main funeral chamber have not been occupied by the people for whom they were intended, and it is difficult to understand why others were made in other chambers of the tomb whilst these remained empty. It would appear that the tomb was made for the head of a large and powerful family, the members of which respected the places that had been left for certain members of it, and judging from the amount of space for burial which was actually occupied, we are justified in thinking that the tomb was used as a private mausoleum for about 150 or 200 years.

In recent years a number of important excavations have

been carried on in Alexandria by Dr. Botti, Mr. D. G. Hogarth, and others, and several important monuments have been brought to light, but the additions to what was known of the site of the ancient city have been few. It is pretty certain that there is little hope of finding any remains of the buildings of the great Library, Serapeum, etc., and as each year the builder and the sea cover up a good deal of ground, the outlook for the archæological excavator is not good. In 1914-15 M. Gaston Jondet made a careful examination of the Island of Pharos, and discovered the remains of a Pre-Roman harbour on the west side of the island. The portion of the ancient harbour located by him was 2 kilometres long, and from 400 to 800 kilometres wide. Archæologists have also turned their attention to the coast of the Delta, and M. Clédat has explored that part of it which runs from the site of Pelusium eastward to Al-'Arîsh. He has discovered remains of the old military station of Ostracima (mentioned by Ptolemy and Pliny) near Lake Serbonis. During the Roman Period it was supplied with water by a canal which was fed from one of the eastern arms of the Nile. M. Clédat has also carried out some interesting excavations on an island off Paraetonium, an ancient port of Marmarica or Ammonia, now known by the name of Mersa Matrûh. To preserve such remains the Egyptian Government founded the Museum of Græco-Roman Antiquities at a cost of £E. 10,000; it is maintained by the Municipality at an annual expenditure of E. 1,200. Herein are exhibited in more than 20 rooms a large and most interesting collection of the antiquîties that have been found at Alexandria and in the neighbourhood, and a vast number of smaller objects which illustrate the art, architecture, sculpture, and funerary customs of the Egypto-Alexandrians during the Græco-Roman Period and the early centuries of the Christian Era. The smaller objects are most important for understanding the religion of the Period, and their arrangement is admirable. The phallic collection is most varied and is probably unique, but it can only be inspected by the special permission of the keeper, and Dr. Botti's Catalogue is a valuable work and merits careful study. An archæological library also has been formed in the institution, and it already contains several thousands of volumes printed in various ancient and modern languages.

Among places which may be visited if time permits are Meks, on the sea-coast to the south-west of the city, and Ramlah, on the coast to the north-east. The pair of granite