Evans.-Went into Effect July 1, 1893.-Further Tem-

perance Safeguards Adopted in 1895.-Profits of the

Dispensary by the Administration.-Legal Sales of

Liquor under the Dispensary.-Illicit Liquor Shops

("Blind Tigers ") in South Carolina.-Police Arrests in

Charleston.--The Dispensary System Disappointing.-

The State Dispensary a Failure in South Dakota.-The

Dispensary in Russia.-Finland and the Gothenburg

System.-Herr Edv. Bjorkenheim Speaks Unfavorably

of the System in Finland.-Other Temperance Efforts

in Russia.-Russian Minister of Finance Reports on the

Liquor Question.....

PAGE

339

CHAPTER XIX.

TEMPERANCE AND MEDICINE.

The Phlogiston Theory of Alcohol.-Investigations of

Prof. Stahl.-Lavoisier Eliminates Phlogiston.-The

Brunonian System.-Moral Suasion Ideas of Early Med-

ical Temperance Reformers.-Influence of Drs. Grindrod

and Carpenter.-The Jeffries and Dunlop Declarations.

-Researches of Benjamin Ward Richardson.-Investi-

gations of Von Liebig.-Alcohol and Digestion.-The

Study of Inebriety as a Disease....

CHAPTER XX.

TEMPERANCE AND LIFE INSURANCE.

355

Early Attitude of Life Insurance Companies.-The Re-

volt of Robert Warner.-Organization of The United

Kingdom Total Abstinence Association.-Success and

Extension of the Plan.-Researches of Meikle and

McClintock......
... 379

CHAPTER XXI.

TEMPERANCE AND INDUSTRY.

Early American Efforts to Free Industry from Drink.—
Rapid Changes and Marked Successes.-Early Labor

Conditions in England.-Investigations of Carroll D.

Wright.-Attitude of Canadian Business Men.-Ad-

vanced Attitude of Labor Organizations....

CHAPTER XXII.

TEMPERANCE IN MILITARY AFFAIRS.

Military Troubles with Drink in Revolutionary Times.-

Beginnings of the Spirit Ration.-Attack on the Ration

by Secretary Eaton.-Abolished by President Jackson.—

Influence of Gen. Cass.-The Civil War.—The Prohibi-

tion Orders of President Hayes.-Beginnings of the

Beer Canteen. Military Opposition.-Liquor Abolished

from the Navy.--General Miles' Stand.--Final Overthrow

of the Canteen in the U. S. Army.—The Duke of Wel-

lington's Order.-Origin and Growth of the British

Army Temperance Association.-Good Results.-Re-

cent Canteen Changes in the French Army.-Regula-

tions in Canada.-The Russian Commission.-Attitude

as to Liquor in Other Armies......

CHAPTER XXIII.

CIVILIZATION AS THE APOSTLE OF VICE.

Work of the Trader in Africa.-Temperance Efforts of

King Radama I.-Attitude of the Khedive of Egypt.-.

The British Commission of 1884.-Protests of African

Chiefs. The United Committee.-The Agitation on the

Continent. The Brussels Convention of 1889.-The

Struggle in India.-Hawaiian Opposition to Drink.-

Introduction of Liquor into the Philippines. -Senator

Lodge's "Twentieth Century Resolution."-Drink

Among the Indians.....

CHAPTER XXIV.

TEMPERANCE AND CHRISTIAN CHURCHES.

Early Attitude of the Quakers.-Recent Deliverances.-

PAGE

387

406

433

The "Rules" of Wesley.-Lowering of the Wesley Stan-

dard.-Agitation of James Axley.-Later Rapid Ad-

vance of the Church.-Advance in the Presbyterian

Church.-Attitude of the Catholic Church.-The Pope's

Letter to Archbishop Ireland.-Bishop Watterson's

Order.-Advance in Other American Churches.-Tardy

Advance in England.......

PAGE

447

APPENDICES.

Horror of Drink Among the Egyptians.-Son of Hindu

Nobleman Loses Caste through Wine.-Greek Legend

Regarding the Origin of Wine.-A Latin Drinking Song

of the Middle Ages.-Clubs with Outrageous Names

Established by Drunkards in England. -Oliver Gold-

smith's Denunciation of Ale-Houses.-Monastic Laws

against Drink.-Excessive Drinking in New England.

-Thomas Jefferson Advocates Establishment of a Brew-

ery.-Pledge of the American Temperance Society.-

Benjamin F. Butler Introduces a Strong Temperance

Resolution.-Founders of the Washingtonian Move-

ment.-Father Mathew's Pledge.-John B. Gough

Pronounces Himself a thorough Prohibitionist.-Father

Mathew Declares Himself in Favor of Prohibition.-

Most Worthy Templars of the Supreme Temple.-Pre-

siding Officers of the Grand Lodge of New York.-Pre-

siding Officers of the Right Worthy Grand Lodge and

the International Supreme Lodge.-Present Officers of

the International Supreme Lodge.-Presiding Officers

of the Seceding Organizations during the Ten Years of

its Existence.-Number of Members and Subordinate

Lodges under Jurisdiction of Grand Lodges for Year

ending 1899.-John Quincy Adams and Abraham Lin-

coln Speak against the Liquor Traffic.-Extracts from

Appleton's Report on the Effect of the License Laws.-

The Governor of Maine Pronounces the Maine Liquor

Law a Success.-The Republican Convention at Topeka,

1882; Resolves in Favor of Prohibition. Mr. W. H.

Hardy the

"Father of High License" declares

PAGE

High License a Failure.-Susan B. Anthony's Early
Efforts as a Temperance Worker.-Convention of the
National W. C. T. U.-Presiding Officers of the National
W. C. T. U.-Countries where the W. C. T. U. has
been Planted and Present National President of Each.
-Convention of the World's W. C. T. U.-Present offi-
cers of the World's W. C. T. U.—Temperance Instruc-
tions in Schools.-Prohibition Party Votes for President.
-Counties in Canada where Scott Act is Still in Force.

-History of the Plebiscite in the Dominion.-Sir Wil-

frid Laurier's Letter on the Plebiscite.-The Origin of

The Word Teetotaler.-Alcoholic Liquors Consumed in

the United Kingdom during the Century.-Interna-

tional Conference against the Abuse of Alcoholic

Liquors.-Prohibition Efforts in South Dakota.-Works

Dealing with Temperance in the Army.-Consumption

of Liquor in the United States during the Century.-

Principal Provisions of the Ontario Liquor Act of 1902. 471

Wine hath the strength of fire when to man
It entereth in; and like Boreas

Or Notus, rolling up the Libyan sea

In mighty waves till all the depths lie bare,—
So doth it ever-set the minds of men.

-ERASTOTHENES.

Prob

WHENEVER the original of any peculiarly far-reaching depravity is enshrouded in mystery, it seems to be customary among Christians to charge it to the account of the Arabs. In this way, the origin of the word "alcohol" is ascribed to them. ably alcohol is the Chaldaic cohol (Hebrew kaal) with the Arabic intensifier al, and signifies the pure spirit. So high an authority as Samuel Hopewood credits this theory of the origin of the word. Gibbon in his Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire expresses the opinion that the Arabs first "invented and named the alembic for the purpose of distillation." This much, however, is well established: the

*

* Edouard Fournier, Melanges, Vol. III, p. 517.