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or country; whether they flew or crawled, whether they sprouted or grew out of the earth, it was as above related. Further, people brought books of Malayan history to the number of many hundreds, so as to nearly finish the national literature. They brought them from all parts, owing to the good price given. Thus were sold two or three hundred books, also divers poems, pantuns, and such like. At that time. the histories stored up in Malacca were nearly exhausted, being sold by the people; and what were only to be borrowed, these he had copied.

Thus, daily, people brought various kinds of animals and moths which are seldom seen by men, such as Javanese butterflies. Then came presents from the Raja of Sambas, in the shape of a mawas,-which white men call orang outang,-a young tiger, birds, and other kinds of brutes from various countries. So he put trowsers on the mawas, with coat and hat complete, which made it as like a little man as possible, and he let it go, when it soon became apparent that its habits were those of mankind, the only fault being that it could not speak. And when I was engaged writing, it would come so softly up to the table that you would not perceive its footsteps, just like apes and monkeys; then it would slowly take the pen up to its neck, and when I told the animal to put the pen down, down it would put it. The belly of the mawas was large, but when the animal was sitting it puckered up like that of a sick person. So I asked of it, What ails you? when it held its stomach, as if it understood my language; but this by instinct only. There were a pair, male and female, but after they had been in Malacca for four or five months, the female died. After this the male had all the appearance of a man in sorrow; it left off its food, and in a few days also died, and I was much touched at this, seeing that even

brutes had such affection as between the sexes, and especially should we men take an example by this. Afterwards he had a great many beasts and birds, each with their cages.

Now, Mr. Raffles took great interest in looking into the origin of nations, and their manners and customs of olden times, examining what would elucidate the same. He was especially quick in the uptake of Malay with its variations. He delighted to use the proper idioms as the natives do; he was active in studying words and their place in phrases, and not until we had told him would he state that the English had another mode. It was his daily labour to order post letters to the various Malay countries to support their good understanding with his nation, and increase the bond of friendship-this with presents and agreeable words. This gained the good will of the various Rajas, who returned the compliment with respect and thanks, and moreover with presents. There also came a great many presents of books from various countries.

Now, Mr. Raffles's disposition was anything but covetous, for, in whatever undertakings or projects he had in view, he grudged no expense so that they were accomplished. Thus his intentions had rapid consummation. There were numbers of people always watching about his house, ready to seek for whatever he wanted, to sell to him or take orders; so that they might obtain profit. Thus loads of money came out of his chest daily, in buying various things, or in paying wages. I also perceived that he hated the habit of the Dutch who lived in Malacca of running down the Malays, and they detested him in return; so much so that they would not sit down beside him. But Mr. Raffles loved always to be on good terms with the Malays, the poorest could speak to him; and while all the great folks in Malacca

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came to wait on him daily, whether Malays or Europeans, yet they could not find out his object of coming there-his ulterior intentions. But it was plain to me that in all his sayings and doings there was the intelligence of a rising man, together with acuteness. And if my experience be not at fault there was not his superior in this world in skill or largeness of heart.

Again, on a certain day, as Mr. Raffles was speaking to his writer regarding the answer to a letter from the Raja of Sambas, there suddenly came a Malay with six durians, with the hope that he would get them sold. So the smell of them reached the interior of the house as he stood at the door, and was sniffed by Mr. Raffles, on which he held his nose and made off upstairs. The people were astonished at this, not knowing his distaste to the smell of the fruit. On this he instantly called a sepoy, who was on the watch, asking, 'Who brought these durians? Show me that Malay.' So he was immediately ejected, with an injunction to the sepoy not to allow durians to be brought there again; and from that day no one dare bring a durian to his house. This was the first time I knew of Mr. Raffles' peculiarity in this respect, that not to eat the fruit alone, but to smell it even was most obnoxious to him. And as he went below again, he remarked that he was taken ill with headache from the smell of durians, adding, 'It is most nauseous eating.' So we all smiled at this instance of the differences of habit, which makes others long for a taste of this fruit, so much so as to be a passion with them.

Now, on a certain evening, as I was about to go home, Mr. Raffles called to me saying, 'Inchi, come and take a walk with me, as I want to see a Malay school.' On this I went out with him, and got upon his carriage and proceeded along with him towards Trunquera; and

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when we had arrived at the house of Libby Abdulranark, we entered. Here we saw that three boys had been punished one by a chain round his waist, the end being nailed to the end of a beam, and which he was required to carry: the other with a chain only, with which he had to study: and the other he had tied in a hanging posture. Then said Mr. Raffles, 'Why, O Inchi, has the schoolmaster put chains on these children? this is a very bad custom; try and ask him.' So I asked of him, to which he replied that they had run away for eight days, and had now just been caught and brought in by men from a day's journey from this. them has paid one dollar for account I am punishing him. had deserted for two days, having climbed up a tree for that time in the forest, and this is his punishment. As for this one, all his lessons he has forgotten, and thus I order him to read.' To this Mr. Raffles replied, 'If it is so, you do right.' Again, Mr. Raffles asked why the schoolmaster did not teach Malay. To this the schoolmaster replied, 'It is the boys' own fathers that have ordered me to teach the Koran first; and when they have completed this, then can they commence Malay. This is our custom. Further, it is not the custom of this place to maintain a school for the Malay language.' Then said Mr. Raffles, 'Very good, O master! I want to know only; don't be angry with me, O Guru.' So he said good-bye, and went out. And as he was going, he said to me, 'Is this truly the custom of the Malays, O Inchi?' To this I replied, "True, sir.' He then smiled and said, "If I live I shall have a school set agoing for teaching Malay. I am most anxious about this, as it is a beautiful language; further, it is of great utility.' So he stepped into his carriage and returned home.

I observed of Mr. Raffles that his constant pleasure was to inquire into the condition of countries, their laws, the circumstances of their upper classes, and the methods of government. Also what the Malays liked best; their customs at marriage and death; the names of the hills and places in Malacca territory; what were the pursuits of the people; what merchandise came out thereof;. also he wished to find out whether the Malacca people liked the government of the Dutch or English. In all these things he made most diligent inquiries.

Then as to his wife, she was not an ordinary woman, but was in every respect co-equal with her husband's. position and responsibilities; bearing herself with propriety, politeness, and good grace. She was very fond of studying the Malay language, saying, What is this in Malay? and what that? also, whatever she saw she wrote down, and, whatever her husband intended to undertake, or when buying anything, he always deferred to her. Thus if it pleased his wife it pleased him. Further, her alacrity in all work was apparent; indeed, she never rested for a moment, but she was always busy, day after day. In this diligence which I observed there is a very great distinction between the habits of the natives (of Malayan countries) and the white people. For it is the custom of the Malayan women, on their becoming the wives of great people, to increase their arrogance, laziness, and habitual procrastination. Further, their talk is only of their own bigness, and to their apprehension it is mean to do anything whatever, or to busy themselves in any way; thus all that they do is to sit, sleep, or recline, or else order about their slaves; and as for the latter, all that they know is how to serve up meals on their knees. In the mornings they do not rise till ten or eleven, then they eat and drink, and go again to sleep till evening. Thus it goes

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