agency of the State, and many of his most iconoclastic spirit which made even men

who were not Conservatives fear that he might yet turn his professorship into a propaganda of Radicalism. And assuredly the subject matter of the professorship was not sufficiently removed from the sphere of political bias, to render that fear irrational or bigoted. Bonamy Price was elected probably because he did not share this bias. But he showed po more disposition to treat his class-room as the place for propagating Whig opinions, than his predecessor had done to treat it as the place for propagating Radical opinions. And it became in his hands a very effective sieve for sifting out the fundamental differences between different schools of economical thought, for he greatly excelled in that lively interrogation of the young of which he so often extolled the value, and which undoubtedly became in his hands a very powerful and thoroughly Socratic instrument of education.

eager arguments were conducted with High Churchmen for whom he felt the deepest reverence and love, on the question whether or not the Anglican Church, once separated from the State, would retain any proper ecclesiastical unity of its own. We mention this not, of course, with any view of analyzing his attitude of mind on this question, but simply to show that there was nothing in him of the mere eclectic, nothing of that tendency to find something that he could approve in everybody's views, which so often makes men's sympathies seem much more valuable than they are. His views were always apt to be more definite, not more indefinite, than the facts would justify; and hence it was not from this point of view certainly that one could account for the generous sympathy which he gave to younger men and the stimulus which they found in his society. The power which he most appreciated was power specifically directed At Oxford, Bonamy Price's loss will be, to well-defined ends; but he could appre- and, indeed, has already been, severely ciate such power cordially even when felt. Latterly his academic influence was

those ends were not altogether his own, and when he could discriminate them very clearly from his own. Frank and clearly defined differences in no way alienated his hearty and discriminating appreciation.

Like all Dr. Arnold's friends and followers, Bonamy Price had the deepest possible interest in politics, and was, indeed, quite as much of a political as of a moral teacher. Like Socrates, he read in the State the virtues of the individual character writ large, and taught his pupils to see them as he did, As a classical master, he was never weary of impressing on his scholars the political drift of the lessons to be derived from the Greek and Roman historians, and, like all those who read these lessons in a religious spirit, he was as much afraid of revolutionary ideas and new departures taken abruptly in an unhistorical spirit, as he was of reactionary or despotic ideas, that is, of the disposition to treat the people as foes, instead of regarding their welfare as the end of all wise government. Thus, from being an ardent reformer when reform was urgently needed, he became towards the end of his life not a little alarmed at the facility with which the educated classes gave way to abstract principles of the vaguest kind, and it was no doubt to this dread of a somewhat raw Radicalism that he owed his election to the professorship of political economy at Oxford in 1868. Mr. Thorold Rogers had already developed, though not, we believe, in his class-room, some of that

thrown on to what may be properly called, for want of a less political phrase, the conservative side. He did not wish to see the extinction of definitely religious influences in the university. He did not wish to see the new physiological methods of teaching, - which he thought far more dangerous to the ethics, than they could ever be stimulating to the understandings, of medical students, - adopted there. Most of all, perhaps, he did not wish to see the influence of the younger men in the shaping of the curriculum, superseding the influence of men of large experience and mature wisdom. On all these questions he threw his vote against the prevailing tendency of the time, though he always did full justice to his opponents, and was as temperate as he was steady in his own line of action. And since he never lost his hold over the statesmen of the day, -even Mr. Gladstone, in his bantering ing criticism on Professor Bonamy Price's view of the Irish land question in 1881, indicated the hearty respect he felt for the economist whose judgment he rejected, - his influence at Oxford always counted for a good deal even with his opponents, all the more because, as a layman and a Broad Churchman, that influence was never ascribed to sacerdotal prepossessions. Hence, even in academical politics he will be sorely missed, - by his allies because he was cautious without being narrow, by his antagonists because he was fair and courteous without being weak. But in a larger world he will be military men greatly admired his vigorous

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From The Edinburgh Review.

SIDEREAL PHOTOGRAPHY.

THE application of photography to astronomical research is rapidly transforming its destinies. The more closely the exquisite sky-prints recently taken at Paris and elsewhere are studied, the more opulent of promise they appear. Their pictorial beauty is the least of their merits. In the eyes of the astronomer their eminent value lies in their capability of exact measurement. Upon this basis of fact

The

Celestial photography, as was natural, made its first essay with the moon. broad, mild face of our satellite, diversified with graduated lights and intense shadows, formed a tempting subject for the nascent art. At Arago's suggestion, accordingly, Daguerre exposed one of his sensitive plates to the lunar rays, but with a disappointing result. Nothing worthy the name of a picture made its appearance. Professor J. W. Draper, of New York, however, obtained early in 1840

rest anticipations which to unaccustomed some little prints, not altogether characears sound exaggerated, but which the terless, of the lunar surface, after which future will, unless we are much mistaken, the subject dropped out of sight during

amply justify. We can have no hesitation in admitting that what has been done, not by chance, but on system, can be done again. Results already obtained can be repeated and multiplied. It needs no more - although much more will probably be accomplished - to ensure a new birth of knowledge regarding the structure of the universe.

ten years, It was resumed at Harvard College Observatory by George P. Bond, one of whose lunar daguerreotypes attracted deserved attention at the Great Exhibition in 1851. The light employed to produce them was concentrated by a telescope fifteen inches in aperture, equatorially mounted, and kept fixed by a clockwork movement upon the moving object to be depicted.

Bond's pictures marked the close of the first or tentative period in celestial photography. In 1851 the collodion process was introduced by Frederick Scott Archer, and rapidly superseded all others. Daguerreotypes, lunar, solar, and terrestrial, began to assume an antiquarian interest and aspect.

The scientific importance of Daguerre's invention was perceived from the outset. In formally announcing it to the Academy of Sciences, August 19, 1839, Arago characterized it as "a new instrument for the study of nature," the manifold uses of which must baffle, and would assuredly surpass, prediction. "En ce genre," he added significantly, "c'est sur l'imprévu qu'on doit particulièrement compter." † And it is indeed the unforeseen which has come to pass. Arago himself, with all his readiness to admit incalculable possibilities, would have been staggered by a forecast of the work now actually of light by impregnation with salts of being done. silver. The sensitiveness of these sub

Collodion is a colorless, semi-viscous fluid produced by dissolving gun-cotton in a mixture of alcohol and ether. Spread upon glass, it forms a transparent membrane rendered susceptible to the action

• 1. La Photographie Astronomique à l'Observa- stances is due to their possessing a motoire de Paris et la Carte du Ciel. Par M. le ContreAmiral E. MOUCHEZ. Paris: 1887.

2. An Investigation in Stellar Photography conducted at the Harvard College Observatory. By EDWARD C. PICKERING. Cambridge, U.S.: 1886.

3. First Annual Report of the Photographic Study of Stellar Spectra conducted at the Harvard College Observatory. By EDWARD C. PICKERING, Director. Cambridge, U.S.: 1887.

4. The Applications of Photography in Astronomy. Lecture delivered at the Royal Institution, Friday, June 3, 1887. By DAVID GILL, LL.D., F.R.S. (The Observatory, July and August, 1887.)

5. Die Photographie im Dienste der Astronomie. Von O. STRUVE. (Bulletin de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg, Tome xxx. No. 4: 1886.)

† Comptes Rendus, tome ix., p. 264.

lecular equilibrium so delicate as to be overturned by the quick ethereal impacts of the vibrations of violet light. The metal they contain, thus partially released from the bonds of chemical combination, is ready to attract further deposits; and the opportunity of exercising this power of appropriation is afforded by the processes of development. A photograph is hence a picture painted in metallic silver under the regulating influence of light.

Some kinds of development merely complete the "reducing" process begun by the action of light, without adding any fresh metallic supplies.