Crown, appointed to protect the people of Bucks from the robbers of the Chiltern Hills. This office is now a sinecure, but as a member of Parliament can only resign his seat by accepting office, he accepts this sinecure, which he immediately vacates for the benefit of others. CHILTERN HUNDREDS. TERN HILLS. CHILTON, See CHIL Robert Hall, American soldier: b. Loudoun County, Va., 1817; d. Columbus, Ga., 18 Feb. 1879. He was graduated at West Point 1837; became captain of the First Dragoons, 6 Oct. 1846, and was brevetted major for gallant and meritorious conduct at Buena Vista, Mexico, 23 Feb. 1847. In this battle Jefferson Davis, afterward President of the Southern Confederacy, but then colonel of the First Mississippi Rifles, was severely wounded, and Chilton bore him from the field, a life-long friendship resulting from the event. He became a brigadier-general in the Confederate service, 20 Oct. 1862, was chief of staff to General Lee, and inspector-general of the Army of Northern Virginia. After the war he was engaged in business in Columbus, Ga. CHILTON, William Edwin, American legislator: b. Saint Albans, W. Va., 17 March 1858. He was educated in public and private schools, by private tutors and at Shelton College. He has been engaged in law practice at Charleston, W. Va., since 1880; was admitted to the Supreme Court of the United States in 1891. He was appointed prosecuting attorney of Kanawha County in 1883, was chairman of the Democratic State Executive Committee in 1892, was secretary of State for West Virginia 1893-97 and United States senator for West Virginia 1911-17. CHILTON, Wis., city and county-seat of Calumet County, 75 miles north of Milwaukee, on the Manitowoc River and on the Chicago, Milwaukee and Saint Paul Railroad. It has a large trade in the agricultural products of the surrounding districts. It has cheese manufactories, grain elevators, condensed milk factories, canning factories, machine shops, boiler works, flour mills, sash, door and blind factories. Pop. 1,600. CHIMÆRA, ki-me-ră, a fire-breathing female monster reported to be of divine origin, brought up by Amisodarus, king of Caria. According to the description of her given in the Homeric poems, the fore part of her body was like that of a lion, the middle like that of a goat and the hind that of a dragon. She laid waste the fields of Lycia and all the country round. Hesiod says she had three heads, one for each of the three animal parts composing her body. She was destroyed by Bellerophon with the help of Pegasus. This mythical monster is supposed to have had its origin in the volcano of the same name, near Phaselis, in Lycia, round the top of which, according to popular belief, dwelt lions, round the middle goats and at the foot poisonous serpents. The word Chimæra early came to be used for a nondescript, unnatural production of fancy, a wild dream, owing to the strange, unnatural form of the being described by the poets. In ichthyology, one of a family of oceanic, elasmobranch fishes, Chimærida, of primitive VOL. 6-33 structures, a few species of which survive from Cretaceous and Lower Eocene time; noted for their extraordinary appearance. They are small, no living species exceeding three feet, have a shark-like body, heads furnished with strange fleshy projections, especially in the male, where they serve as "claspers;" or the snout may be extended into a sharp beak. The tail is continued into a sort of whip, often nearly as long as the body. One species is frequently caught in the North Atlantic, and others exist in the North Pacific and in the Japanese and South seas. Most of them inhabit deep water, where the young are born from eggs laid in leathery cases, like those of rays, on deep bottoms. Consult Boulenger, 'Fishes' (London 1910). CHIMEROIDEA, one of the primary divisions of fishes, the equivalent of Holocephali (q.v.). CHIMANGO, she-män'gō, a carrion hawk of South America (Ibycter chimango), closely related to the Caracara (q.v.). The plumage is black, with whitish streaks on neck and breast in the adult, which are lacking in the young. Chimangos are particularly numerous in the Falkland Islands. Darwin describes them as without fear of man, frequenting inhabited regions and feeding on all kinds of refuse. CHIMAY, she'ma', Jeanne Marie Ignace Thérèse de Cabarrus, Princesse de, HispanoFrench adventuress: b. 1773; d. 1835. She was the daughter of the Comte de Cabarrus, Minister of Finance in Spain. In 1789 she was married to the Marquis de Fontenoy, but was divorced from him in 1793, when she married the revolutionist Tallien. She induced the latter to join a plot for the overthrow of Robespierre, and was one of the chief promoters of the revolution of July 1794. Her husband became displeased with her social activity and freedom of manners and left her to join Napoleon's Egyptian expedition. They were divorced in 1802 and three years later Jeanne married the Comte de Camaran, later Prince de Chimay. She now settled down to a peaceful life. She was never admitted to court circles, although the first beauty of her time. Consult Houssaye, Notre Dame de Thermidor' (Paris 1866). CHIMBORAZO, chẽm-bo-räso or chimbō-rä'zō, Ecuador, a peak of the Andes, in the province of Quito, lat. 1° 20' S. and long. 79° W. Though not the loftiest summit of the Andes, it rises 20,700 feet above the sea-level, and its top is covered with perpetual snow. The mountain has no crater, though it is built of volcanic rock. This mountain was ascended in 1802 by Humboldt and Bonpland, who, though they failed to reach the summit, yet mounted to the great height of 19,390 feet, a greater elevation than ever was before attained by man. Their further ascent was prevented by a chasm 500 feet wide. In 1880 the_summit was reached for the first time by Mr. E. Whymper. CHIMES. A set of bells from 3 to 12 in number, generally of considerable weight, tuned to the notes of the diatonic scale with sometimes one or two additional half tones. In England these are most often hung "free," i.e., so as to swing, and then are called also a "ring" or "peal." A set of bells tuned to the chromatic scale, with a compass of three or more octaves and hung "fixed" or "dead," i.e., so as not to swing, is called a carillon. Tunes are played automatically on chimes where the bells are hung fixed and on carillons by a revolving drum and hammer mechanism like that of a music box. A chime hung fixed is also played by a chimer, who with his hands operates the levers of a chiming-stand, one lever for each bell. A carillon is also played by a carillonneur who uses both hands and feet on keyboards similar to those of an organ, connected with the clappers. In England a method of playing upon bells hung free, called "changeringing," has long been in vogue. In this method each bell is separately swung by means of a rope by an individual ringer. The bells are thus made to sound one after another in mathematically defined changing sequences until they come back to the order in which they started. This in complicated changes often involves several hours of ringing. Great expertness is shown by companies of men in this art but the product of their skill is a regularly developed mosaic of sounds rather than music. On chimes only a few simple tunes can be accurately played. On a carillon, however, the chromatic characteristic combined as it is with the extended compass and range in the size of the bells from several tons to a few pounds -enables the master of its keyboard to play not only the notes of a great variety of music but to interpret sentiment, and produce effects beyond the power of any other musical instrument. While England, because of its many bells, has been poetically called "the ringing isle," bell music has been still more a characteristic of Belgium and Holland and French Flanders through centuries. There carillons, and the great church and town hall towers which contain them, are maintained entirely at the public expense, and the bell music of folk songs, patriotic airs and national hymns, heard day and night and on market and feast days, is a considerable feature in the life of the people. Summer evening concerts in the Low Countries when the city carillonneur plays on the carillon clavier always have brought hundreds together to listen. Such concerts by Josef Denyn, the unrivalled master of the art, on the finest carillon in the world at Mechlin, Belgium, 45 bells, attracted thousands before the Great War. Antwerp's carillon then numbered 47 bells, Ghent's 52, Bruges' 47, Courtrai's 49, Mons' 47. In all there were recently about 70 carillons in Belgium and northern France. In Holland there are also about 70; among the finest are Middleburg, 41 bells; Delft, 40; Amsterdam (Palace), 37; Utrecht, 42; Arnhem, 47; The Hague, 37 and Appingedam, 25. Carillon destruction by Germany has undoubtedly been great. The bells of Ypres, 44; of Termonde, 40 and of Saint Peter's at Louvain, and of Arras are destroyed, and probably many or possibly all others in the occupied regions. The oldest chimes in the United States are those of Christ Church, Philadelphia; Christ Church, Boston; and Trinity Church, New York. California University, Berkeley, has 12 fine bells. Among English Carillons are Cattistook, 35 and Eaton Hall, 28 bells. In Ireland, Queenstown Cathedral has a carillon of 42 bells the finest bells in the United Kingdom. Where chimes and carillons originated is not known. Tradition takes us back to the 12th century and the abbey of Egmond in Holland. But it is not until early in the 16th century that authentic records, principally in certain Low Country towns, appear. Louvain had 8 bells in 1525; Hoorn, 10, in 1528; Oudenburg 10, in 1539; Alkmaar 11, in 1541; Ghent 16, in 1543. Thereafter the development of this musical instrument was rapid. D. G. Rossetti, Thackeray, Stevenson, George Macdonald, Thomas Hardy, Victor Hugo, Georges Rodenbach, De Amicis and others have written of carillon music. Longfellow's 'Belfry of Bruges is especially well known. Consult Rice, William Gorham, Carillons of Belgium and Holland' (New York and London 1914, 1915); The Carillon in Literature) (New York and London 1916); Robinson, F. E., Among the Bells' (London 1909); Starmer, W. W., 'Royal Academy of Music Lectures' (London 1916); Van der Ven, D. J., 'De Torens Zingen' (Amsterdam 1917); Loosjes, A., 'De Torenmuziek' (Amsterdam 1917). WILLIAM GORHAM RICE. CHIMES OF NORMANDY, The (Les Cloches de Corneville), opera comique in three acts by Robert Planquette, libretto by Clairville and Gabet, first produced at Paris, 19 April 1877. While called an opera comique, The Chimes of Normandy' is rather in the operetta class, the most typical of which are Offenbach's famous series of operas bouffés. The story is simple and romantic, if not vital. The music is unaffected and spontaneous and its first success, which was conspicuous even for those days and for audiences which saw many a popular hit, has been repeated wherever the opera has been given. The legend of the chimes is the best known number, but there is scarcely a dull moment in the entire work and half a dozen of the songs are household favorites the world over. The lilting barcarolle, "On billow rocking," the cider song, the waltz song in the last act "That night I'll ne'er forget" and the spritely finales of the first and second act come readily to mind. LEWIS M. ISAACS. term CHIMNEY (Fr. cheminée, related to Latin caminus, oven), an upright structure of stone, brick, etc., enclosing one or mere flues or passages through which smoke and gas from the fire in a stove, furnace or fireplace may escape into the open air. Originally the chimney included both the fireplace and the shaft. How far the Greek and Roman architects were acquainted with the construction of chimneys such as we have is a matter of dispute. That kitchens and baths were provided with chimneys appears certain, but how far other apartments were so provided is doubtful. An ancient mosaic found in Algeria, and representing a Roman country mansion, shows chimney stacks projecting above the roof. Of course in southern Europe fires are less necessary than in northern Europe. Chimneys require much attention to make them secure and prevent their smoking, so great an annoyance to domestic comfort. It seems at present to be acknowledged that it is much better to exclude the cold, damp air from the flues, by narrowing the aperture at the top, than to give larger |