01 ious Stratagem - Daring Exploit - Fate of Jafa, rfidy of Vespasian and its Effects Strange Disas- Taking of Gamala - Jerusalem and its Factions Herous Zealots - Insane Conduct - Perea, &c. - educed - Vespasian called to Rome - Infatuation noitring Adventure of Titus - Storming the Walls and Pestilence - Titus walls in the City Hor- th of Titus-The Temple fired - A million and a sephus, Agrippa, and Berenice, The Dispersion under the Western Empire - Barcochab's Rebellion - Success - Defeat- n of the Rabbins - Jews forbidden to visit Jeru- Pain of Death - Hadrian - Inextinguishable Na- - Sanhedrim of Tiberias - Jews at Rome, &c. Severus - The Mishna and Talmud - Hillel of the Patriarchate - Persecution Julian favors also Honorius - Condition at the Fall of Rome,. 188 The Dispersion during the Dark Ages - Jews Greek Empire - Justinian's Persecution - Jews hristians, and suffer in Turn - Cruelties at An- Aden Age of the Dispersion - Jewish Commerce under Charlemagne, &c. - Crusades - Their Scientific Attainments, and Influence - Magic - Spain - Persecuted - Jews in Hungary, Ger- emia - Sufferings from the Crusaders Op- - favored alternately throughout Europe - Mas- ermany - Jews in England - Banished, repeat- from France and Spain - A similar Catalogue The Dispersion since the Reformation - Gen- ks - Usefulness of the Jews in Literature ar-Finance - Polish Jews - Toleration slowly Perfect Toleration in the United States, &c. , in Palestine - The Hebrew Race found every narks on Judaism and Christianity, ... General Views - Extent of Jewry Divisions n - Army Cities Jerusalem Hebron Tiberias - Government - Law of Clean- Property-Militia - Armor - Weapons-For- 191 CHAP. 129. Foundation of the Armenian Monarchy CHAP 130. Wars of Tigranes - Conquest of Armenia the Romans - Modern Revolutions Partition of 213 214 Antiquities of Idumea - Description of Petra, 216 Phænicia. he Ancient Phoenicians - The Canaanites Sidon - Phoenician Commerce,............ 218 CHAP. 132. Geographical Description - Sketch of the H CHAP. 134. Cities and Famous Men of Mysia,..... CHAP. 135. TROY. - Foundation of the Trojan Monar - Reign of Priam - The Trojan War, CHAP. 136. Probability of the Tale of Troy - Alexand CHAP. 177. Civil Wars of the Saracens - Othman - Moa- CHAP. 178. The Ommiades and Abbassides - Administra- CHAP. 179. Conquest of Spain Invasion of France Constantinople - The lifs Decline of the Saracen Empire - The Turks- Des- potism of the Khalifs - End of the Saracen Empire,...... 289 CHAP. 182. Character of the Mahometan Religion - Para- dise and Hell of Mahomet- The Sunnees and Sheahs,.... 290 CHAP. 183. Science and Literature of the Saracens - Ar- chitecture - The Koran - Saracen Superstitions, 291 CHAP. 184. THE WAHABEES. - Condition of Arabia after the Establishment of the Khalifate - Preaching of Abd ul Wahab-Success of his Doctrine Capture of Mecca and Medina - Wars of the Turks and Egyptians against the War of the Romans against Mithridates - De- 'light of the King - His extraordinary Adven- Death of Mithridates - End of the Kingdom CAPPADOCIA. - The Ancient Cappadocians - ty of Ariarathes - End of the Kingdom - Story PHRYGIA. - The Ancient Phrygians - Ninna- Midas - Gordius II. - Otreus - Gordius III. ian Conquest,...... 292 294 296 298 299 Famous Men of Phrygia - Esop - Epictetus, 300 ISLANDS OF ASIA MINOR. - CYPRUS - Ancient Cyprus The Phoenicians - The Greeks - The Modern History - The Crusaders - The Vene- e Turks - Famous Men of Cyprus, .... RHODES. Settlement of the Greeks in this hodian Revolutions - Government of the Ro- Cos-Famous Men of this Island,..... 304 CHIOS. - The Greeks of Chios - The Genoese SAMOS.-The Ancient Samians - The Tyrant Turkey in Asia. CHAP. 186. Introduction - Geographical Description,..... CHAP. 187. Origin of the Turks - King Disabules - The Khagan - Tumwen Khan - Division of the Turkish Na- CHAP. 188. Origin of the Seljukian Turks - Conquests and Elevation of Toghrul - Victories and Death of Alp Arslan, CHAP. 189. Administration of Nizam ul Mulk - Glory of the Reign of Malek Shah - Anecdote of his Flatterers Disgrace of his Minister - Accession of Sultan Sanjar - His Misfortunes and Death - Decline of the Empire Toghrul III. - Tokush - Mahomed - Jellal ud Deen CHAP. 190. Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Solyman of The Kingdom of Hira - Malek - Jodaimah - sia Wars of the Russians and Circassians of the Circassians,.... Description 506 CHAP. 266. Description of Ceylon Settlement of the Portuguese in the Island-The Dutch - The British Description of the Cingalese - Cities, &c., of Ceylon,..... 5 E PORTUGUESE IN INDIA. - Discoveries of Conquests of Alboquerque - Foundation nest of Malacca - Splendor of Ormuz - De- Etuguese Empire in India,....................... E DUTCH IN INDIA. - Heemskerk's Voyage f the Moluccas, Java, Ceylon Decline of Dire in India. THE SPANIARDS IN INDIA. ecting the Moluccas - The Pope's Division coveries - The Philippines - Manilla. THE IA. - Tranquebar - Serampore,.. HE BRITISH IN INDIA. - Description of Ben- Hish East India Company - Catastrophe of - Exploits of Clive - Grants of the Mogul, 512 Eministration of Warren Hastings The Etlement of Madras - Rise of Hyder Ali - the Carnatic- Death of Hyder-Reign and Tippoo Saib-Origin and Conquests of the igin of the Sikhs - Reformation of Hindoo- by Nanak - The Gooroos - Persecution of me Mahometans - Gooroo Goriad - Revolu- ern India- Fluctuations in the Fortunes of stablishment of the Afghan Dominions the Sikhs in the Punjaub - The Sikh Con- gn of Runjeet Singh - War with the British hillianwallah and Goojerat-Annexation of escription and History of Cashmere - Ne- ion of the Hindoos - Character of the Brit- - Submissive temper of the Hindoos - Gov- ritish India - Ancient Government of the istory of Ancient Egypt from the earliest 58 59 HISTORY, in its general meaning, signifies an ac- into the causes and consequences of events, the fac count of some remarkable facts which have happened ulty of penetration is sharpened, the attention of the within the knowledge of man, arranged in chronologi- mind is fixed, and the comprehension enlarged. From cal order, together with the causes which preceded them, and the various effects which they have produced, as far as can be discovered. The word is of Greek derivation, and, in its primitive use, denoted literally, in that language, a search after curious things, or, a desire of understanding and rehearsing such things as we have seen. But the signification of the term is now much more extensive, and we apply it as well to knowledge gained from others, as to that obtained from our own observation. this source, the student acquires the power of quick discernment and accurate discrimination. It is a great, but prevalent mistake, to imagine that history is calculated to enlighten the judgment only on those subjects which are connected with the welfare of great communities. It is almost in an equal degree capable of affording lessons of wisdom bearing on individual utility and comfort. In this respect, the advantages of written history are more important than those which we derive from our History, at the present day, is regarded as a very own individual observation and experience: for, alimportant branch of polite literature. Few accomplish- though the impressions made by the latter may be ments are more highly valued than an accurate knowl- more vivid, and, probably, more permanent, yet the edge of the histories of different nations; and hardly knowledge derived from history is more correct, and, any literary production is held in greater esteem than consequently, a better guide to us in our intercourse a well-written history. The advantages which may with the world. The examples presented by history be derived from this study are various and important. are generally complete; the whole picture is before It is equally attractive to the popular and the philo- us; whereas, in real life, every scene opens slowly, sophical mind; the former it interests by the excite- and we consequently see but a small part at a time; ment of novelty-the latter by the usefulness and hence, we are liable to be deceived in our estimate importance of the general principles deduced from the of men and things. facts which it records. It improves the best faculties of man, and furnishes him with the most important species of knowledge. We may easily judge of the importance of the study of history to the attainment of knowledge in general, and of political knowledge in particular, when we By the study of history we do not merely furnish reflect, that the most exalted understanding is nothing our memories with a naked catalogue of events, but we more than a power of drawing conclusions and formgain, also, a knowledge of the mechanism of society, ing maxims of conduct from known facts and experiof the reciprocal influence of national character, laws, ments. The mind of man itself being necessarily and government; and of those causes and circum- barren of these materials of knowledge, they can be stances that have acted in producing and advancing, obtained only by experience. But the wisdom that is or destroying and retarding, civil and religious liberty, gained by the experience of one man, or of one age, and the various branches of science and literature. It leads to a knowledge of man in his social relations, and exhibits the various operations of different systems of polity on human happiness. A still higher use of history is to improve the understanding, and strengthen the judgment. By searching must be very scanty and dearly purchased. How slow, then, must have been the progress of mankind in wisdom and improvement of all kinds, before a method of recording facts was invented, by which the people of one age could be made acquainted with the knowledge of their ancestors! |