its rivers roll down. This stone still makes the chief object of the commerce of this country, for it is very much sought after, being highly valued by the Chinese and the neighboring people. In A. D. 73, when Pantchao was named by China as generalissimo and commandant of the western confederated countries, the king of Khotan submitted himself. There were at that time eighty-three thousand inhabitants in the capital, and thirty thousand soldiers. Some time before this, the prince of Yarkand, becoming powerful, had subjugated Khotan; but the immediate predecessor of the prince of Khotan, who became a vassal of China, revolted, and this latter himself destroyed the power of the prince of Yarkand, and gave back to his country its ancient splendor. Thirteen states to the north-west, as far as Cashgar, recognized his authority. About the same time, the king of the environs of Lake Lop began to be powerful. Ever since, these two states have been the keys of the southern route which conducts from the Beloor Mountains to China. Since this time, also, the princes of Khotan and the other states of Central Asia have always obeyed the Chinese, the Turkish nations, the Thibetans, or whatever people was dominant in those vast regions between the Himmaleh and Altai Mountains. Buddhism was the prevailing religion, till the Hoei hoo Turks conquered the country, and introduced Islamism. It appears, nevertheless, that the worship of Buddha, preserved itself for a long time after, and did not cease entirely, except under the successor of Zingis Khan in Turkestan. CHAPTER CCIV. The Hunnic and Finnic Races. THE history of the Huns and Finns does not properly belong to the annals of Tartary, except as they were pushed westward by Tartar tribes, who occupied their place. We shall therefore dismiss them with but a slight notice here, referring the reader to the history of Hungary for farther details. Next west of the Mongols, or Tartars, a Siberian tribe, dwelling about Lake Baikal, as already noticed, came the Samoiede races. These were driven north, or occupied, with the Ting ling, as ancestors of the Kirghis, the upper course of the Yenisei. West of these Samoiedes and ancient Kirghis, were the Oriental Finns, or Huns. They occupied the steppe of Ischim, the Irtish and its tributaries, the southern portion of the Ural Mountains, and the Ural River, coming down to the Caspian. This was in the sixth century B. C. Immediately to the south were the Massagetæ, or Alans. This strange race, the Huns, is described with all the exaggerated coloring of fear and disgust by those who were contemporary with its first irruptions into Europe; and it is the less to be wondered at, as the barbarians they had hitherto seen were of the IndoGermanic race, resembling the Europeans. The Huns had small eyes, flat noses, big heads, and a yellow or very brown complexion. The mothers had the habit of flattening their childrens' noses as soon as they were born, and gashing their cheeks. These natural and artificial elements of ugliness were exaggerated by European writers into the most hideous pictures of deformity—each author endeavoring to | eclipse his predecessor in the description of the dreaded and hated race. Their mode of life was like that of most savages. They ate nothing cooked, and were acquainted with no kind of seasoning. They lived on raw roots, or the flesh of animals a little deadened by being placed between the saddle and the back of the horse. They never handled the plough: the prisoners they took in war cultivated their lands, and took care of their flocks. Before their arrival in Europe, they had never inhabited either houses or cabins: every walled enclosure appeared to them a sepulchre; they did not think themselves safe under a roof. Accustomed from infancy to suffer cold, hunger, and thirst, they frequently changed their abode, or rather had none, but wandered in the mountains and the forests, followed by their numerous herds, and transporting with them all their family in wagons drawn by oxen. Shut up in these, their women occupied themselves in spinning or sewing garments for their husbands, and in nursing their infants. They dressed themselves in marten skins, which they permitted to decay upon their bodies, without ever taking them off. They wore a cap, buckskin gaiters, and a shoe so shapeless and clumsy that it hindered them from walking, and was unfit for fighting on foot. They scarcely ever quitted their horses, which were small and hideous, but agile and indefatigable. They passed days and nights upon these animals, sometimes mounted astride, sometimes sideways: they dismounted neither to eat nor drink; and, when overtaken by sleep, dropping upon the neck of the animal, they slept there profoundly. The national council was held on horseback. They threw themselves upon the enemy, uttering frightful cries; if they found too much resistance, they dispersed immediately, and returned with the quickness of thought, piercing through and overthrowing every thing on their passage. Their arrows were armed with pointed bones, as hard and as murderous as steel; they shot them, with as much adroitness as force, at full speed, and even in flying. For hand to hand fighting, they held in one hand a cimeter, and in the other a net, in which they endeavored to entangle the enemy. One of their families had the exclusive privilege of first striking the foe. Their women feared neither wounds nor death; and often, after a defeat, women might be found among the dead and wounded. The barbarism of these people was so deeply rooted, that, for nearly a hundred years after their arrival in Europe, they had no idea of the art of writing, and sent only verbal propositions to the princes with whom they treated. But, the Hioong noo being dispossessed on the east, as is related more fully in a subsequent chapter — a portion of them crowded upon the Huns, and, in the second century, took their place, forcing the Huns over the Ural, into Europe, and upon the Alans—who, however, after crowding them to the north, along the This fact, indistinctly known, has probably induced many, misled by a fancied resemblance in the names Hioong noo and Huns, to suppose that the Hioong noo are the terrible people, who, under the name of Huns, devastated Europe. But the names are of different meaning, and there was little resemblance in the features or habits of the two races; the Turkish race, given in a subsequent chapter. Possibly some Hioong noo being Turks, as is shown in the history of the of them might have mingled with the Huns, and this would partially reconcile the two views. THE TUNGOUSE-Y-LIU-MOO-KY. 391 For a thousand years this intercourse was uninterrupted: then their name had changed to Y-liu, under which name they sent to the emperors of Northern China, about A. D. 263, a tribute consisting of arrows, stone Upper Volga, mingled with them. The united nations | hoo wood, and arrow-heads of hard stone. spread the Hunnic, or Avar, empire, in the early part of the fifth century of our era, as far as the Danube on the west, and Lake Aral on the east. The Finns are now found toward Finland. Part of the Lower Volga, and a line drawn south by west from its west-arrow-heads, bows, cuirasses, and marten skins. The ernmost bend, separated the Avar empire from that of the Thoukhiu, or ancient Turks, in A. D. 565. country is very cold, and so mountainous that one cannot ride there either on horseback or in carriages. They sowed the five sorts of grain, raised cattle and horses, and made their garments of hempen cloth. The red yu stones and zibeline marten skins were found among them. These Y-liu had neither princes nor chiefs: their villages, situated in forests and on mountains, were governed by elders. They lived in subterranean caverns; those of the rich were deeper than others. They fed many swine, and ate them for food; the skin served them for clothing. In winter, they greased themselves with the fat of animals, the better to endure the cold; in summer, they went naked, except a piece of cloth round the middle. Their smell was offensive, for they never washed, and lived in the greatest filth. They had no writing; their word was their bond. They used baskets for seats. They trampled on their meat with their feet before eating it; if it was frozen, they sat upon it to thaw it. Neither salt nor iron were found in their country; for salt they used leached ashes. They all dressed the hair in tresses: he who wished to contract marriage adorned the head of the female who pleased him with birds' feathers, and paid the dowry. Young people, strong and robust, were alone esteemed among this people, who despised the aged. In 679, the Khazar empire, of Finnic or Hunnish origin, beginning with an obscure tribe just north of Caucasus, in the latter half of the second century, spread itself west to the Bog, north to the Finns, and east to Lake Aral, where it was coterminous with the Chinese and Arabian empires. In 745, it was bounded on the east by the Volga; and, in 1000 A. D., nearly all of this was occupied by the grand duchy of Russia. Mingled with other tribes, the Huns originated the modern Hungarians, to whose country they gave name. We perceive, then, that the countries about the Ural are the gate by which the nomads of Middle Asia have made their irruptions into Europe. Their enterprises were more or less considerable or fortunate. Oftentimes tribes came from the east, stopped on the road for one or more centuries, and did not quit, for generations, the lands which afforded them fat pasturage and abundance of animals of chase. Thus these Asiatic wanderers, settling awhile in the fertile plains of the Ural, blended themselves with the Finnish tribes they found there, who probably extended as far south as the Black Sea. These mixtures produced new languages and new nations, which remained in the country they had adopted, or, pushed by other people coming from the east, advanced towards Europe. Here we have, in a few words, the history of the great migration of nations, which began to be felt, for the first time, by the civilized states of Europe in the passage of the Huns, in A. D. 376. These latter, passing the Sea of Azof and the Don, fell upon the nations of Indo-Germanic origin, who occupied the country situated to the north of the Black Sea as far as the Danube. These fugitives, thrown one upon another, spread themselves over the provinces of the Roman empire, changed its face, and from the chaos thus induced Their weapons were the bow and arrow, and their has gradually sprung, in all its still developing propor-armor, cuirasses made of skins and covered with tions, the fair structure of European civilization. bones. They were good archers, and used very strong bows, four feet long. Their arrows, twenty inches long, were armed with poisoned heads, made of a very hard green stone. These rendered them formidable to their neighbors. But they never made conquests, and remained in peaceable possession of their own country. CHAPTER CCV. 1100 B. C. to A. D. 1234. The Tungouse Race Y-liu - Moo-ky THE Tungouse, or, as the Chinese call them, Toonghoo, that is, "eastern barbarians," although they have so long led a wandering life, without forming either great states or powerful empires, have never passed, on the west, the chain of the Khinggan Mountains, under the meridian of 120°. From these mountains their original seat extended to the Sea of Japan, and occupied the country now called Manchooria, watered by the Amoor River and its branches. Eleven hundred years before the Christian era, the southern part of this country was known to the Chinese, and called by its present name, Su-chin, or, as the Mongols and Manchoos pronounce it, Dzurtchit. Its inhabitants brought to China arrows made of the The dead were interred in the fields on the day of their death; they were placed in a little bier made of boards: a hog was killed and placed on the grave, as food for the deceased. They were of a wicked and cruel character, and had no compassion on their fellowmen. At the death of a father or mother, the children did not weep, regarding tears as a sign of cowardly weakness. Thieves were killed, whether the value of the article stolen were more or less. More to the west dwelt, A. D. 500, another Tungouse tribe, the Moo-ky, on the Soongari River. Each village had its chief, but they were not united in one nation. They were brave and warlike, and the most powerful among the "eastern barbarians." Their dialect differed from that of their neighbors, whom they constantly harassed, and inspired with extreme fear. They lived on mountains, and along streams. Their country was poor and damp: they surrounded their dwellings with little mounds of beaten earth, and lived in subterranean excavations, to which they descended by a ladder. They had neither cattle nor sheep, but they raised horses; they cultivated wheat, some other grains, and pulse. The water of their country was saltish, and the salt showed itself in efflorescence, even on the bark of the trees; they had also salt lakes. 392 THE KHI-TAN, JU-TCHIN, AND CHY-GOEI TRIBES. This people had many swine; they made spirit of | two centuries, and their kingdom was overthrown by grain, and loved to intoxicate themselves with it. At their rebellious subjects, the Ju-tchin. marriage, the bride had cloth garments, and the bridegroom a dress of swine-skin, and a tiger's or leopard's tail tied to his head. The Moo-ky were excellent archers, and great hunters; they compounded the poison for their arrows in the seventh or eighth month; it was so active that its vapor, during preparation, would kill. When their relatives died in spring, they buried them on heights, and built a little house over the grave, to preserve it from rain and moisture; as to those who died in autumn or winter, they used the corpses to allure martens, and thus caught many. In the commencement of the seventh century, the Chinese emperor united the seven hordes of this people; and at the end of the same century we find them founding a powerful kingdom, which comprehended part of Corea, and was civilized, having the use of letters, and a regular form of government. This kingdom ended in 925, when it fell under the power of the Khi-tan, another Tungouse tribe. These latter had been driven from their own country by the Chinese, but returned, and frequently invaded China, but were sometimes tributary to it. In 553, they invaded it, and a hundred thousand of them were made prisoners, and as many cattle taken from them. After this, they became subject to the Turks, except ten thousand families, who retired into Corea. Passing through similar and various fortunes, now revolting from the Chinese, now subject to the Turks, the Khi-tan were civilized by their rulers, who established magistrates, and introduced notched sticks for writing; they also gradually learned how to fatten cattle, thus enriching themselves, and acquired the art of forging iron and casting metals. They extended their frontiers, built cities, and fortified them with ramparts and palisades. They devoted themselves also to the culture of silk and hemp, and to weaving. The Khi-tan attained an extensive empire; and a legend is told of the founder of it, which resembles those frequently told, in Asiatic story, of great men, and reminding us also of the Roman tale about Servius Tullius. The founder of the famous Khi-tan dynasty of Liao was A-pao-khi. His mother, the king's wife, dreamed that a sun fell into her bosom; and when A-pao-khi was born, the house appeared surrounded with a divine light, and was perfumed with an exquisite odor. At his birth, he was of the size of an infant three years old, and was able to creep. His mother, wondering at these prodigies, secreted him, and brought him up very carefully. At the end of three months, he stood alone; at the age of one year he could talk, and predicted the future. He pretended to be surrounded with supernatural beings, who served him as guards. Being created viceroy, with power to make war and peace, after subjecting the neighboring hordes, he made incursions into China, and succeeded (A. D. 907) to his benefactor, who willed him the imperial dignity. With astonishing rapidity, he extended his conquests to the sea-shore on the east, Cashgar on the west, and Lake Baikal on the north-while, on the south, the north-east part of China was included under his sway, as well as a great part of Corea. He held his court at Pe-kin, and, proud of his conquests, took the name of Houang-ti, that is, August Emperor. His successors became so powerful, that they, in a manner, disposed of the throne of China. They reigned The manners and customs of the Ju-tchin resembled those of their ancestors of the same name, the Su-chin. They were brave and expert archers. Knowing how to counterfeit the cry of the deer, they collected them thus into one place, to kill them more easily; they fed on their flesh, and made an intoxicating beverage of hind's milk. They had many beasts of chase in their territory, which was on the east of the Soongari River - wild boars, wild oxen, asses, and excellent horses. They rode oxen and mules. During rain, they wrapped themselves in raw hides. Their little houses were covered with birch bark. The Ju-tchin were governed by different chiefs; one of them, a native of Corea, became rich and powerful; his successors contributed to polish their subjects, and to unite them in one nation. One of them, finding himself at the head of all their hordes, revolted against the Khi-tan, or Liao, to whom he was subject, beat them in several battles, took from them a large extent of country, and in 1115 was proclaimed emperor. He gave the name of Kin — that is, Golden— to his dynasty. The Chinese employed them to destroy the Liao, whom they overcame; and being thus introduced into the country, they were loath to quit it, and, in fact, took possession of the whole north of China, as far as the Hoang-ho, driving the emperor to the south. The Chinese have frequently, by their imprudence, thus invited in strangers, and given themselves masters. The Ju-tchin thus became masters of the eastern part of Asia, from the Amoor, Tula, and Orkhon to the Hoang-ho, holding, also, the province of Honan, south of the last named river, and several cities beside. It was not till 1119 that they had written characters, at which time they adopted those of the Khi-tan; what these were is not known. This Kin dynasty, called Altoun Khan, by Arabic writers, lasted till A. D. 1234, when it was destroyed by Zingis Khan. The last branch of the Tungouse race, known to the Chinese, from whom alone we have these accounts, is that which they named Chy-goei. It consisted of several hordes, who had no common bond, and no princes. A feeble and poor people, it had been subject to the Turks, and was of the same origin as the Khi-tan; the most southerly lived at some distance north of them, and in the neighborhood of the banks of the Non. Their country was scantily fertile, very moist, and clothed with grass and forests, which harbored beasts of the chase. It was desolated by clouds of gnats. The inhabitants lived in subterranean excavations. Dressed like the Khi-tan, the Chy-goei, like them, shaved the head. Like the Turks, they had felt tents, on wagons. They crossed rivers on rafts and skin boats. They tackled oxen to their carts, and made themselves cabins covered with coarse mats. Instead of felt, they put a bundle of grass under the saddle of their horses: cords served them for bridles. They slept on hog-skins. Little bits of wood, arranged in a certain order, reminded them of things they wished to remember. Their climate was very cold. They had no sheep, and but few horses; but swine and cattle were common. They intoxicated themselves with a kind of spirit which they knew how to make. Marriages were contracted by the bride paying a dowry to the family of the bridegroom. Widows could not THE TURKISH RACE. marry again. Mourning was worn three months for the rich. Having no iron in their country, they obtained it of the Coreans. The southern Chy-goei numbered twenty-five hordes. Ten days north of them, the northern Chy-goei formed nine hordes: they lived eastwardly from Lake Baikal, in an excessively cold country, where much snow falls, and were obliged to use sledges. In winter, they retired to the caves of the mountains: they lived by fishing, and made their garments of the skins of fish. Zibelines and other kinds of martens abounded among them; they wore caps of badger and fox skins. From the nine hordes named above, descended the Tungouse tribes that at present inhabit Eastern Siberia; they are subject to Russia. CHAPTER CCVI. 2200 B. C. to A. D. 460. The Ancient Turkish Race, or Hioong noo. THE Turkish race was called Hioong noo in ancient times, and differs from the Mongols, Kalmucks, and other Tartars, in having a whiter complexion, European features, a taller stature, and a more commanding air. We propose to treat here of the earlier history of this renowned people, and its transactions in Tartary: the history of that more modern branch of it which settled in Turkey, has already been given. Of all the nations of the interior of Asia, the Turkish is the most numerous. Next to the Indo-Germanic race-treated of in a previous chapter-it is the widest spread of the old world. At the present day, its dwellings are scattered from the Adriatic Sea, in Europe, to the mouth of the Lena, on the Arctic Ocean. It appears that, after the Deluge, its ancestors descended from the snowy mountains of Tangnou and the Great Altai, whence they soon dispersed themselves to the north-east and south-west, settling chiefly to the north of the Chan-si and Chen-si provinces of China, near Mount In-chan. These barbarians lived chiefly on the produce of their herds, and led a wandering life, following the courses of the rivers, in quest of pasturage. Some tribes, addicted to agriculture, had more fixed settlements, and lands whose limits were established. They were ignorant of the art of writing; their word was a sure guaranty of their contracts. From the most tender age, their children were exercised for hunting and war. They were made to ride on sheep, and taught to shoot at birds and mice with little arrows. As they grew taller, they hunted foxes and hares, whose flesh they ate. At a later age, when able to manage stronger bows, they received a cuirass and a saddle-horse: war then became their chief business. 393 The warrior who solitudes, perished wretchedly. could carry off the body of his comrade slain by his side in battle, became his heir, and obtained possession of all his property. These people were very desirous of prisoners, and made the most of the captives they could take, who, in fact, composed their chief wealth: they employed them in guarding their studs of horses and herds of cattle. They were rude and gross, showing no respect to parents or superiors. Many of their traits, in fact, remind us of a similar if not a cognate nation, described by the prophet Habakkuk, in 600 B. C. Their arms were the bow, arrows, the sword, and the lance. When successful, these people advanced; if fortune did not favor them, they sounded a retreat, not regarding flight as having any thing shameful in it. On this account, they were but the more formidable; for ordinarily they returned briskly to the charge, attacking with new vigor and spirit. The agility of their horses was of great advantage in this mode of combat, and regular troops found it very difficult to resist them. Often the innumerable swarms of their horsemen, pursued too closely, dispersed themselves in the deserts, like the dust driven by the wind; and their enemies, enticed and led forward into these frightful | They fed on the flesh of their cattle, whose skins served them for dresses and banners; the young people ate the best morsels, and the old were obliged to content themselves with what was left them; for, like all barbarians, the ancient Turks valued none but vigorous men, and despised those whose forces were diminished by age. After the death of the father, the sons often espoused the wives he left; and in case of a brother's death, the survivors married his wives. The name of an individual did not pass to his descendants: thus the use of family names was unknown among them. The domestic animals, next to captives their chief riches, were cattle, sheep, horses, camels, asses, several different species of mules, and also wild horses and asses.* Northern China has been, from the earliest antiquity, exposed to the incursions of people of this race; and these raids or forays were frequent in proportion to the feebleness of the emperors. Previous to 1200 B. C., their power was not very formidable, as they were not united under one chief, and it was balanced by the Tungouse on the east, and the Yue tchi on the west. But at about that period, a prince of the imperial family of China, having retired among them, founded an empire; which, however, did not become powerful till 200 B. C. At about this time, they overcame the Sian-pi and Oo-hooan, noticed hereafter, extended their power far to the west, and ravaged the northern provinces of China. The Chinese, in 214, had united various walls of petty kingdoms into the present continuous great wall, to repel these barbarians. In 200 B. C., the founder of the Han dynasty marched against them with a numerous army; but, being surrounded, he was obliged to employ a stratagem, and sent a beautiful girl to the chief of the Hioong noo, as they were then called, who persuaded him to make peace. After devastating Chan-si, they went back to their own land, laden with immense booty, and the Chinese emperor returned to his capital. Notwithstanding the treaty, however, the Hioong The general name for the nomads of South Mongolia, among the Chinese, was Ti, which means great wild stag, and is supposed to allude to the use of the reindeer; others say it means dog race. Another name, used by the Chinese as early as 2200 B. C., to designate the Turks, is Chaned to certain Thibetan tribes. joung, "barbarian mountaineers;" it was afterwards extendUnder the first Chinese dynasty, the Turks were called Hiun-yu; under the third, about 1000 B. C., it was Hian-yu; finally, under the Thsin and Han dynasties, they were called Hioong-noo; this corruption of the primitive name, to express the usual horror of settled agriculturists to wandering nomads - - a dislike well earned, since such restless, plundering borderers have always been, and are, their greatest bane. As early as the patriarch Joseph's time, we find nomadic shepherds were "an abominaEgyptians. This Chinese name has nothing to do with the Huns, as has been shown. means "detestable slaves," and seems to be an intentional tion to the well-ordered and industrious communities of the other kings in their obedience, and ob had not hitherto submitted to declare t sals of China. The emperor even gave marriage to the king of the Oo-sun, a na a previous chapter, to draw closer the bo counsellors, therefore, advised him to induce Me-the besieged the capital, caused its king to take a daughter of the emperor to wife, suggesting cut off his head, and put another kin that if he had by her a son who should inherit his These victories contributed very much throne, his mother would inspire him with sentiments favorable to the Chinese, and the nation might become civilized. It was hoped also that the ties of relationship would bind him to the emperor. Kao-hooang-ti, the emperor, adopted this sagacious advice, and his daughter was the first Chinese princess who was thus, for political reasons, married to a foreign potentate. In after times, the precedent has often been followed, and it is the present mode of curbing the Tartar subjects of China. But as the infantas of China found themselves very unhappily situated in barbarous countries, far from fashionable life and the amusements of a court, among rude nomads who obeyed the sceptre of their husbands, girls of the palace were often substituted instead of the real daughters of the emperor. The alliance thus concluded between the two sovereigns, Kao-hooang-ti and Me-the, had, in fact, very happy effects for China; the incursions of the Turks became less frequent, and the peace of the frontiers was rarely disturbed. To protect the northern provinces from the insults of these barbarians, the Chinese | had established in them military colonies, which were strong enough to resist the first shock. After the emperor's death, the invasions re-commenced, and the peace of the frontiers was often broken, till, in 141 B. C., the emperor Hiao-woo-ti, with the design of avenging repeated insults, and destroying the power of the enemy, or at least so weakening it as to render it harmless to China, combated them so vigorously, that he drove them six hundred miles or more from his northern boundary; and further, in order to form a connection with the tribes west of the Hioong noo, their natural enemies, he took possession of the region to the west of Chen-si. He divided the district into four parts, and built cities in it as well as in his northern conquests, garrisoned them with a formidable army, and established Chinese colonies, designed to civilize the barbarous inhabitants in their vicinity.* To accomplish his purposes the sooner, he sent one of his counsellors into the west, to contract an alliance | with the Yue tchi, a people hereafter noticed - and other nations disposed to sustain a war against the common enemy. Although this embassy, which took place 126 B. C., did not attain all the ends proposed, it yet contributed a great deal to render the interior of Asia more familiar to the Chinese, and made way for the establishment of the power which they exercised, at a later date, in the countries situated north of Thibet, and beyond the Jaxartes, or Sihon. The Chinese, thus becoming acquainted with the * These proceedings strongly remind us of the similar policy, a century and a half sooner, of the Grecian conqueror, Alexander, in establishing military colonies, with commercial cities, throughout Northern and Eastern Persia, Bactria, &c., to effect the same purposes for his own empire against the similar rovers of Western Asia. Egyptian conquerors had done the same, long before, both in Asia and Africa; and Russia is doing it now. He now established in the centre of present Khamil, or Hami, in about 44° 94° of longitude, the seat of a militar The generalissimo, who resided here, surveillance thirty-six kingdoms, whose received investiture at the hands of the peror, with the seal which marked the dignity. This federal system, establishe ment of the Hioong noo, had all the succe from it; it contributed in a powerful de throw their dominion: nevertheless th this people sustained the nation yet a lon was often fortunate in its wars with the Cl it knew not how to avail itself of its succe We have dwelt the longer on the abo because they give us the simple elemen and Tartar history - the key to much of and many centuries of changes. The re fail to be reminded by some of the circu the intercourse between the civilized Phar nomad patriarchs, at the other extreme of tory familiar to our childhood; of Mehe the Arabs, in our own times. To avoid m subsequent narrative of the Hioong noo m briefly sketched. In the year 72 B. C., the king of the Oo-s the help of the emperor against a tribe of noo, who had seized a part of his estates. sixty thousand men was sent to his rel manded by five generals, it entered the host at five different points at once. On the Oo-sun attacked the enemy, who were e beaten and overthrown. Their chief, how ing one more effort, armed a body of te cavalry, with which he entered the territ Oo-sun; but, when he wished to return, the great a body of snow, that almost all his m herds perished with cold and starvation. A time, the Tingling, a people north of the Southern Siberia, profiting by the weakne Hioong noo, attacked them from the north, Oo-sun became their assailants on the wes hooan on the east, and the Chinese on the so Hioong noo lost, on this occasion, multitude people, and vast numbers of their cattle animals. This terrible disaster was followed by a gr tality, which obliged the people to disperse the multitudes who escaped these two scourges by a cruel famine. So many woes conside feebled the empire of the Hioong noo. Th boring kingdoms seized the moment to throw yoke. They themselves thought only of p more necessary as there were several dispu |