sia 1., queen of Caria, was the daughter of | hurrying away, loaded with their most valuable effec Bias went forth carrying nothing. On being asl The seeing this, imagined she was a friend, and the chase. She reached the coast of Asia and Xerxes intrusted his children to her Athenians were so incensed against her, ffered a large reward to any one who would ve. She afterwards gained possession of the tmus, into which she was admitted under that she only wished to sacrifice to Cybele. at, in revenge for this impiety, the goddess er desperately in love with a young man whose eyes she put out in his sleep, on his return her passion, and that she then preerself from a rock. Ca II. is principally known as the affectionate Mausolus, to whose memory she erected, at sus, a most splendid monument, which was s one of the seven wonders of the world, has become so famous as to give the ausoleum to all magnificent structures in e dead. She is also said to have mingled her drink, and to have offered a prize for ogy on his character. Artemisia appears, ot to have altogether abandoned herself to sorrow; for, when she succeeded her husthrone of Caria, (B. C. 351,) she defended antly against the Rhodians. By an ingegem, she captured the whole Rhodian fleet. ing these ships with her own people, she Odes. The inhabitants of that place, seeing hips approach, decorated with the ensigns oyfully admitted them into their port; but could discover their mistake, Artemisia roops and took possession of the city. She the leading Rhodians, who had excited gainst her, and erected a trophy in the two brazen statues, representing the queen the captive city of Rhodes with a hot e of the seven wise men of the ancient ■ native of Priene, an Ionian city of Caria. the early part of the seventh century t, and was early distinguished by the gen Herodotus, whom the ancients, as well as the mo erns, have called the "father of history," was bo at Halicarnassus, B. C. 484, four years previous the great Persian invasion under Xerxes. When grew up, he withdrew from his native city, which w oppressed by the tyranny of its ruler, Lygdamis, t grandson of Artemisia, queen of Caria. He retir to the Island of Samos, where he acquired the use the Ionic dialect, in which his history was afterwar written. Few incidents of the early part of his 1 are known. His history of the Greeks and Persia begins with Cyrus, whom he regards as the first ki of Persia, and is continued through a period of o hundred and fifty years. Besides the history of t Greeks and Persians, which are his principal subjec he treats of the Egyptians and several other nation He seems to have taken great pains to collect info mation by travelling, and he describes Egypt a Babylon from personal observation. Of the chara ter of his writings we have spoken at sufficient leng in the introductory part of this work, to which we ref the reader. Herodotus, having finished his history, adopted a ve effectual method of making it known to all Greec He went to the Olympic games, where the peop assembled periodically from all parts of Greece, a read his narrative to the assembled multitude. It w received with unbounded applause, and the fame the historian was immediately established. The sty seemed so sweet and flowing, that the Greeks declar they seemed to hear the Muses themselves; and that account the names of the nine Muses were give to the nine books of which the history is compose Thucydides, then very young, was present at the rea ing, and was so much affected with the interestin nature of the events related, and the beauty of th language, that he was carried away by a transport of e thusiasm, and shed tears of joy. Herodotus perceive it, and complimented Olorus, the father of Thucydide on the genius and taste of his son, predicting that would one day be an honor to his country. The historian, having established his fame in Greec returned to his native city. By his exhortations, th people of Halicarnassus were induced to rise in arm against their oppressors, and recover their freedor The accomplishment of this great object seems на тести. Here we enata ms uays. ionysius of Halicarnassus, the historian, was born in first century before the Christian era. Little is vn of his early life. He went to Italy about the when the civil war between Mark Antony and vius was brought to a close. He lived twenty-two s at Rome, where he applied himself to the study of anguage, literature, and history of the country, and ected materials for the great work which he had in -. This was entitled Roman Antiquities, and back to the origin of the political institutions of Dionysius, However, 15 mn always a LOUILLY ity. He wrote rather for the Greeks than Romans, and his main object was to relieve mer people from the mortification which they being conquered by a race of barbarians, as th sidered the Romans to be. This he endeav effect by straining the testimonies of ancient and amplifying old legends, so as to make it that Rome derived its origin from the Greeks nysius also wrote a treatise on rhetoric, and works of criticism, which are highly valuable. CHAPTER CXLIX. Diogenes. CIA, PAMPHYLIA, PISIDIA, AND PAPHLAGONIA. -Diogenes the Cynic. YCIA was bounded north by Phrygia, east by Pamlia, south by the Mediterranean, and west by Caria. as originally called Mylia, from the Myliæ, a people Crete, who first settled here: afterwards it received name of Lycia, from Lycus, the son of Pandion, of Athens, who founded a colony here. Lycia the smallest province of Asia Minor, but one of richest and most populous, in proportion to its ter-y. It was noted for its fine cedar-trees, which ost equalled those of Lebanon. The inhabitants e celebrated for their skill in archery. quence were determined upon by a majority of In process of time, the several governments b consolidated into one. Herodotus, in enumerati auxiliaries that contributed towards the equipmen fleet of Xerxes, mentions Kyberniscus, king of This country, however, makes very little figure tory. Crœsus of Lydia subjected it to his dom Cyrus of Persia conquered the empire of C and Lycia shared the same fate. One event, occurred at this time, deserves notice. The pec Xanthus, one of the Lycian cities, would not voluntarily to the Persian conqueror. They der themselves, with incredible bravery, against a mense superiority of numbers. At length, f themselves unable any longer to resist the form host of Persians, they withdrew into their city up their families and treasures in the citadel, a fire to it. They then returned to the engage rushed into the midst of their enemies, and we The Lycians at first seem to have lived dispersed the country in separate communities. After this, eral petty kingdoms arose among them. They twenty-three cities, each of which sent deputies general congress, where matters of general conse- | slain to a man. YLIA and PISIDIA were usually reckoned as ince. They were bounded north by Phrygia, hrygia and Cilicia, south by Cilicia and the nean, and west by Lycia and Phrygia. of these districts was of very great extent. y in the interior, and Pamphylia on the seaThe latter was a mountainous and rugged tract y, originally inhabited by a bold and spirited men, who maintained a barbarous sort of ince for centuries, resisting all attempts to em. Pamphylia and Pisidia at length shared f the other countries of Asia Minor, and folfortunes of the Persian, Macedonian, and npires; but these districts cannot be said to distinct or national history. Perga was the J oned among the philosophers. His father was a bank of Sinope, and was banished from that city for counte feiting. Diogenes committed the same offence, an was in like manner expelled. He went to Athen and visited Antisthenes, the founder of the cynic school, who treated him with great contempt, ar would have driven him away with his staff, becaus he wished to have no more disciples. Diogenes wa neither surprised nor intimidated. He bowed his hea and said, "Strike: you will never find a stick ha enough to drive me off as long as you speak." Anti thenes, overcome by his obstinacy, permitted him be his disciple. Diogenes made great improvemen upon the lessons of his master, and perfectly imitate his manner of living. His whole furniture consiste of Pamphylia, and contained a magnificent of a staff, a wallet, and a wooden bowl. Seeing, or Diana. Aspendus, on the River Eurymedon day, a little boy drink out of the hollow of his han for a battle in which Cimon, the Athenian efeated the Persians. Isaura was the capistrict lying partly in Pamphylia and partly The inhabitants of this place were noted ierce and rapacious robbers. The Roman ablius Servilius obtained the surname of or having subdued them during the war with 1. Another city, named New Isaura, was the destruction of the ancient one, not far same spot. It was here that the pirate as proclaimed himself emperor of Rome, 1.) He was soon after defeated and slain. enders were at that time contending for the rone. ONIA was bounded north by the Euxine, tus, south by Galatia, and west by Bithynia. most northerly district of Asia Minor, and for the number of its horses and cattle. of Paphlagonia were celebrated as early of Homer, and the sheep of this country ool of the finest quality. The Paphlagonid reputation with the ancients, being regardsh and unprincipled. Cleon, the Athenian who has been rendered notorious by the ophanes, was a native of Paphlagonia. ntry has properly no national history, havly formed a part of some one of the pow. rchies in its neighborhood. Under the mpire, the eastern part of Paphlagonia and apart of Pontus were erected into a alled Heleno-Pontus, in honor of the elena, mother of Constantine the Great. oted city of Paphlagonia was Sinope, on Here was originally a colony of Miletus, a thriving commerce. In its turn, Sinope colonies in the neighborhood, and thus considerable territory. The tunny fish- coast of the Euxine were a source of to the people of Sinope. This city gave ridates the Great, and Diogenes the Cynic. mall seaport of Paphlagonia, was famous - a standing jest to the ancient Greeks. the people of this town built a wall round he said, "That boy shows me that I have still som thing superfluous," and instantly broke his bowl. H always went barefoot, even when the earth was co ered with snow. A tub served him for a lodging, an this he rolled before him wherever he went, makin use of no other habitation. While at Corinth, he was visited by Alexander th Great, who asked him whether he could do any thir to serve him. "Nothing," replied the Cynic, "but get out of my sunshine." The monarch exclaime "If I were not Alexander, I should wish to be Diog nes!" He satirized the instructions of the other philo ophers; and, having heard that Plato defined a ma to be a "two-legged animal without feathers," 1 stripped a fowl of its plumage, and, taking it into tl academy, said, "Behold Plato's man!" One day, 1 entered Plato's house, which was handsomely furnishe and trampled a fine carpet under his feet, sayin "I tread upon the pride of Plato." "Yes," repli the latter, "but with another kind of pride." Diogen had a supreme contempt for all the human race, c what is much more probable, affected to feel it. F went at noonday into the market-place of Athens wi a lantern, saying he was in search of an honest ma Seeing the officers of justice carrying off a man wl had been detected in stealing a trifling article, he e claimed, "The great thieves have caught a little one A person, not of the best character, having built new house, and placed over the door the inscriptio "Let nothing evil enter here," Diogenes aske "How will the master get in?" Observing a youn man blush, "Take courage," said he; "that is t color of virtue." In reply to one who asked him wh he ought to dine, he said, "If you are rich, when y will; if poor, when you can." When he was f advanced in life, he embarked on a voyage for Egin but was captured by a pirate, and sold for a slave Crete. He was purchased by a wealthy Corinthia who was struck with the reply which he made to t auctioneer who put him up for sale. "What can y do?" asked the vendor. "I can govern men," a swered Diogenes; "therefore sell me to some o who wants a master." 288 CHAPTER CL. 2000 to 75 B. C. BITHYNIA-PRUSIAS. THIS ancient kingdom was bounded north by the Euxine, east by Paphlagonia and Galatia, south by Phrygia and Galatia, and west by Mysia, the Propontis, and the Thracian Bosphorus. It enjoyed the advantage of an extensive line of sea-coast, and appears to have been a very fertile and populous country. Xenophon, who had visited Bithynia more than once, describes the shores of the Euxine as covered with flourishing towns and villages, and abounding in almost every production of nature. The information afforded by ancient writers, respecting the early inhabitants of this country, is so full of contradictions, that it appears to be impossible to fix the date of the foundation of the first dynasty of its kings. Diodorus Siculus asserts that Ninus of Assyria conquered Bithynia; and Appian recounts no less than forty-nine kings who reigned here before the Romans visited Asia. Little consideration is due to these statements. The earliest inhabitants of the country were called Bebryces. They seem to have been the same with those of the neighboring districts of Mysia and Phrygia. These were afterwards conquered or displaced by a horde of Thracians from the European side of the Propontis. These invaders were a tribe bearing the name of Thyni, or Bithyni. They appear to have had chiefs of their own race from the earliest times two of them, Dydalsus and Boteinas, are mentioned as having reigned in the fourth century before Christ. Bithynia was conquered by Croesus, king of Lydia; but the conqueror and the conquered were doomed to yield to the Persian power. Cyrus the Great established his dominion here, and the country remained under the Persian rule till the conquests of Alexander. Bas, the son of Boteras, the Persian viceroy at that time, took advantage of the overthrow of Darius to set up an independent authority in Bithynia. In this he succeeded so well as to maintain himself on the throne during a long reign of half a century. Zipoetes, who succeeded him, carried on a war with Antiochus Soter, king of Syria, whose army he defeated; but shortly afterward died, leaving the kingdom to his son Nicomedes. This prince began his reign by putting to death his two brothers. Zipoetes, the youngest, fled into Asiatic Thrace, and engaged the tribes of that region to espouse his cause. Nicomedes marched to subdue these people, but was suddenly recalled by the intelligence that Antiochus was preparing to fall upon him. Distrusting his own power, he invited the Gauls from the western shores of the Bosphorus into Asia, promising them a settlement in the country. Assisted by these barbarians, Nicomedes defeated Antiochus and expelled his brother. The Gauls were rewarded with the gift of a territory, which from them obtained the name of Galatia. Nicomedes employed the remainder of his reign in building a magnificent city, designed to be the capital of his kingdom. This he called, after his own name, Nicomedia. At his decease, Tibites, his youngest son, took possession of the throne; but his eldest son, Zela, who had been banished to Armenia, procured the assistance of the Gauls, expelled his brother, and ascended the throne. He dreaded, however, that these people might be induced to turn their arms against him, and, in order to rid himself of such dangerous friends, he planned a bloody treachery. The Gaulish nobles were invited to a splendid entertainment, and a band of ruffians were prepared to massacre them in the midst of their festivities. The intended victims, however, received private information of the scheme; and, as soon as the feast began, they fell upon their treacherous host, and put him to death. Prusias, the son of Zela, distinguished himself by his successful wars with his neighbors. Hannibal, having been expelled from Carthage by the ingratitude of his countrymen, and afterwards hunted from one place to another by the persecutions of the Romans, at length took refuge in Bithynia. Such was the influence which his great genius exercised over the mind of Prusias, that, by his counsel, the king renounced the friendship of the Romans, and declared war against Eumenes, king of Pergamus, who was under their protection. Prusias led an army into the territories of Eumenes; but that able commander defeated the invader, and forced him to accept terms of peace. Hannibal next persuaded Prusias to form an alliance with Philip of Macedon, which led to a new war with the Romans. By employing various stratagems, invented by Hannibal, Prusias obtained several brilliant victories. The Romans, however, by their intrigues, prevailed on Prusias to deliver Hannibal into their hands; and the glory which this prince had acquired in the war was tarnished by his base ingratitude to the great warrior, whose counsels and assistance had taught him the way to victory. Hannibal, seeing his fate inevitable, swallowed poison, and died. Prusias now became the slave of the Romans. He joined their army in the campaign against the Macedonians, and went to Italy to offer his congratulations on the success of the war. Before he entered Rome, he laid aside the ensigns of royalty, assumed the dress worn by a slave when he receives his freedom, and in this garb was introduced to the senate. His meanness and servility disgraced his own character, without reflecting any glory upon the majesty of the Roman name. The memory of his past achievements, however, rendered him still formidable to his neighbors; when he heard of the death of Eumenes, he again made war on Pergamus, and conquered the capital of that kingdom, where he practised the most unrelenting cruelties for the space of three years. By the mediation of the Romans, however, a peace was concluded, and Prusias sent his son Nicomedes to Rome. This prince shortly after excited the jealousy of his father, who sent an assassin to Rome to despatch Nicomedes. From a feeling of remorse or loyalty, this man revealed the design to the prince, and these two persons judged it necessary for self-preservation to assassinate Prusias. Nicomedes set sail for Pergamus, formed a league with Attalus, the king, invaded the territories of his father, and was every where received as the deliverer of the country. Prusias was deserted by the greater part of his people; and, distrusting those who remained with him, he fled from city to city, in the fond expectation of help from Rome. In this he was disappointed, and, at length, shut himself up in his capital of Nicomedia. The armies of Attalus and Nicomedes advanced, and the ZEUXIS-HIPPARCHUS-XENOCRATES. 289 gates were immediately thrown open by the inhabit- | of grapes, which the birds also pecked at. Upon this, ants. Prusias took shelter in the temple of Jupiter; he frankly owned his deficiency of skill; for had the but the sanctity of the place failed to afford him pro- boy been as well represented as the grapes, the birds tection, and he fell by the hand of his own son, would have been afraid to fly at them. Quintilian Nicomedes II., who immediately took possession of states that the ancient painters used to give their gods the throne, (149 B. C.) and heroes the same features and characters as they bore in the pictures of Zeuxis, on which account he was called the Legislator. Festus relates that the last painting executed by Zeuxis was the picture of an old woman, which was so comical that the painter laughed himself to death by looking at it. There is little probability in this story, yet it is not altogether without example. This monarch assumed the title of Epiphanes, or Illustrious; but he performed nothing worthy of notice during the whole of his long reign. Nicomedes III., his successor, invaded the territory of Mithridates, king of Pontus, who not only repelled his attacks, but marched into Bithynia, defeated the armies of Nicomedes, and expelled him from the throne. By the aid of the Romans, however, he was restored; but, on his repeating his aggressions upon the dominions of Mithridates, that monarch drove him a second time from his kingdom, and forced him to seek shelter in Paphlagonia, where he led a private life till the invasion of the Romans under Sulla, who once more replaced him on the throne. He died not long after his restoration, and left the kingdom to his son Nicomedes IV. This prince enjoyed a quiet reign, and died without issue, (74 B. C.,) leaving his dominions by will to the Roman republic. Bithynia thus became a Roman province. CHAPTER CLI. Hipparchus, the celebrated astronomer, was a native of Nice, in Bithynia, and flourished in the second century before Christ. He enjoys the honor of being the first person who, from vague and scattered observation, reduced astronomy to a science, and prosecuted the study of it systematically. Pliny classes him in the number of those men of sublime genius, who, by predicting the time of eclipses, taught mankind that they ought not to be alarmed at the recurrence of such phenomena. We have already spoken of the discoveries of Hipparchus in our history of astronomy, in the introductory part of this work. He made his first observations in the Island of Rhodes; but he afterwards pursued his studies at Alexandria and in Bithynia. He wrote a commentary on the astronomical poem of Aratus, which is still extant. Many other works from his pen are lost. Hipparchus is also celebrated in history for his patriotism and public spirit, Famous Men of Bithynia-Zeuxis-Hip-under the influence of which he is said to have been parchus Xenocrates - Asclepiades - Ar- greatly instrumental in delivering his country from rian Dion Cassius. - ZEUXIS, the celebrated painter, was a native of Heraclea. There was a city in Bithynia of this name, as well as another in Macedonia, and a third in Italy. From the fact that the great rival of Zeuxis was Parrhasius, of Asia Minor, we conclude that Zeuxis belonged to this country also. He was born about 510 B. C. He improved so far upon the lessons of his teacher, that the latter accused him of stealing his genius. His success in painting was so great that he acquired universal reputation wherever that art was appreciated. He obtained great wealth, of which he made an ostentatious show. He was fond of exhibiting himself on public occasions, dressed in a robe of purple, with his name embroidered upon it in letters of gold. After he became rich, he gave away his works without taking any thing for them. The reason which he assigned for his liberality shows how high an opinion he entertained of himself. "If I give my works away for nothing, it is because they are above all price." In a competition with his rival, Parrhasius, for a prize, Zeuxis painted a bunch of grapes so much to the life, that when it was publicly exhibited, the birds pecked at it. The painter, in a transport of joy at this proof of the fidelity of his representation, called upon Parrhasius to produce what he had to rival his grapes. The latter obeyed, and showed a painting which seemed to be covered with a curtain. "Draw the curtain," said Zeuxis," and let us see the picture." Parrhasius laughed, and replied, "The curtain is the picture!" Zeuxis confessed himself vanquished; "for," said he, "I deceived only the birds, but Parrhasius has deceived me, who am a painter, and familiar with counterfeits." Some time after, Zeuxis painted a young man carrying a basket 66 tyranny. On this account, statues were erected to his memory. Xenocrates, the philosopher, was a native of Chalcedon, in Bithynia, and was born in the fourth century before the Christian era. He was a disciple of Plato, and maintained a very high reputation among the Athenians for his probity. Once, when he appeared in court as a witness, and was about to take his oath, the judge declared that this was needless, for his word was as good as his oath. It was impossible to seduce him from uprightness by the temptation of either pleasure, riches, or praise. His disinterestedness was put to the proof by Alexander the Great. The ambassadors of that prince, while at Athens on public business, offered Xenocrates a present from their master of fifty thousand dollars. The philosopher invited them to dinner. The fare was exceedingly plain and frugal. The next day they requested to know into whose hands they should pay the "How!" replied for him. money he; "did not my dinner yesterday inform you that I have no occasion for money ? It is remarkable that a very similar story is related of Dr. Franklin. One day, while Xenocrates was lecturing at Athens, a young debauchee, fresh from a bacchanalian riot, and wearing a wreath on his head, thrust himself among the auditors for the purpose of ridiculing the philosopher. All were filled with indignation at this insulting intrusion, except Xenocrates, who calmly changed his discourse to the subject of temperance and sobriety, contrasting them with the opposite vices. His eloquence had such an effect, that the young libertine quickly became quiet; next he pulled the wreath from his head; then he hid his face in his cloak; his thoughts and inclinations were now completely changed; he was thoroughly cured of his bad passions by a single |