It was thought advisable to start the practical demonstration in the schools, as in this way the nurse in her follow-up work would find the readiest method of introduction into the homes.

So far seventeen public meetings have been held in the larger towns with the object of educating the communities to the value of child-welfare and general public health work.

British Columbia. The Provincial Division of the Red Cross has undertaken to train and maintain nurses for public health work in rural districts in British Columbia, such nurses to be known as Red Cross Public Health Nurses. There are now ten centres established. Very material assistance was also given to public health work when the Provincial Division undertook to assist in establishing and maintaining a Red Cross chair of public health in the University of British Columbia. This is to be financed for three years by the British Columbia Division of the Red Cross. The first course started in November 1920, with twenty-six graduate nurses. The course was an intensive one of six weeks with field work taken with the Victorian Order, School Nurses, Child Welfare, Social Service, etc.

The work of the Victorian Order has materially increased during the past year in all its various branches. Toward the end of the year 1920 a "Well Baby Clinic" was organised at South Vancouver. This clinic is held every Wednesday afternoon.

During the past year an intensive pre-natal system has been started. As nearly as possible, every expectant mother on the list is visited twice each month and advised as to rest, exercise, food and clothing for herself, and as to cot and layette for her baby. In 1920 the Victorian Order gave a course in public health nursing to twenty students. Some of these nurses have remained on the staff, others have taken Red Cross districts, or have returned to the United States to take up public health work in their own country.

Junior Red Cross Movement and Boy Scouts. - The success of the Junior Red Cross movement in Canada is steadily increasing and is receiving the whole-hearted support of the Boy Scouts. It is stated on good authority that every member in the Province

of Saskatchewan has become a Junior Red Cross member. The accompanying illustration from the Saskatchewan "Junior Red Cross Magazine" for October shows the cordial relationship existing between the two movements.

The Canadian Red Cross has issued application forms for schools wishing to organise a Junior Red Cross Auxiliary. These applications state the name and the motto adopted by the branch organisation, the work which has been planned and the contribution to the local children's fund. According to the "Instructions" on these forms, there is no specified membership fee for individuals, though School Auxiliaries are expected to make voluntary offerings. The only qualification for membership is "willingness to help in the peace-time service of the League of Red Cross Societies."

CZECHO-SLOVAKIA.

Junior Red Cross helps Russian children. Under the direction of the Czech Junior Red Cross, a sanitary train has been sent to Russia from Prague in order to bring back 600 Russian children to Pardubica, Czecho-Slovakia, where they will be quarantined and equipped. Later they will be sent to the families in Czecho-Slovakia which have agreed to care for them. This expedition was organised and carried out by the Czech Junior Red Cross with the assistance of the Minister of National Defence.

JAPAN.

Japanese Delegate Appointed.

The President of the Japanese Red Cross, in a letter dated October 27, announces the appointment of Mr. Tetzuichiro Miyaké, Secretary of the Japanese Legation at Berne, as the delegate of the Japanese Red Cross to the League of Red Cross Societies and the Comité International de la Croix-Rouge. In his letter President Hirayama says as the work of the Red Cross multiplies and assumes diverse forms, the matters requiring discussion between the Japanese Red Cross and the Comité International de la Croix-Rouge and League of Red Cross Societies constantly increase. The distance separating Japan from Geneva often causes grave inconvenience on account of delay in communications. For this reason the delegate has been appointed to serve as intermediary. We will therefore be grateful, if in the future, you will address in the first instance all matters of importance or urgency to Mr. Miyaké."

LUXEMBURG.

Red Cross Central Committee

The Central Committee of the Red Cross Society of Luxemburg is unusually representative and influential, as may be judged from the following list just received by the League.

Emile Matrisch, President of the Arbed (the largest Industrial Corporation in Luxemburg), Chairman.

Fr. Altwiez, President of the Chambre des Députés.

V. Thorn, Honorary Minister, President of the Council of State.

Fr. de Colnet d'Huart, Marshall of the Court.

L. Montrier, Councillor of State, President of the Chambre des Comptes.

G. Diderich, Burgomaster of Luxemburg, Deputy.

Fr. Heckmann, Commander of the Armed Forces.

Dr. A. Praun, Director of the Laboratory of Bacteriology.

Abbé Pletschette, Curé of Notre Dame.

Dr. Jacoby, Pastor of the Protestant Community.

Dr. Fuchs, Chief Rabbi.

A. Funck, Councillor of State, Secretary.

The Luxemburg Red Cross will be represented at the Western European Conference on Venereal Diseases by Dr. Michel Montrier.

POLAND.

Peace Programme of the Red Cross. Before and during the War the Red Cross in Poland was a German-Russian organisation in which the Polish element was scarcely represented. The real Polish National Red Cross was constituted on April 27, 1919. The General Assembly met at Warsaw on September 15-16 of this year, Mr. Alexander Dobrowolski 1 being in the Chair. General Zwierzchowski, Under-Secretary of State at the Ministry of War, speaking on behalf of the Polish Army and Government, praised the work accomplished by the Polish Red Cross. At the second plenary meeting the resolutions submitted by the various Commissions were adopted. One of these Commissions has been specially charged with working out a peace-time programme. This programme, which was approved by the Assembly, is as follows:

1. Creation of a nursing school in each province.

2. (a) Organisation of supplementary courses on disinfection, public health, firstaid, etc.

(b) Organisation of reserve personnel for immediate mobilisation in case of war. 3. Preparation of sanitary material by war disabled in special work-shops.

II. Health activities.

1. Direction of medical establishments (sanatoria, dispensaries, first-aid stations.) 2. Health propaganda by means of pamphlets, posters, lectures, etc. in collaboration with the Health Ministry and the Polish Societies for fighting Tuberculosis, Venereal Diseases, etc.

3. Child Welfare.

4. Collaboration with governmental and private organisations in assisting.

(a) young demobilised soldiers (creation of scholarships, etc.)

(b) all those who have suffered as a result of war.

III. Other Activities.

1. Organisation of a Junior Red Cross. 2

2. Disaster relief work.

Polish Red Cross in the Far East. A section of the Polish Red Cross has been constituted in the Far East in the republic created by the Soviet between Lake Baikal and the Pacific Ocean. This section, despite very great difficulties, is accomplishing a most useful work among the 40,000 Poles exiled in Siberia, Manchuria, Mongolia, etc. and who, for the most part, are in great straits. The Polish Red Cross has organised help in these countries for old people and children and has also created a Pasteur institute which renders very great service to the Polish and Chinese population.

Red Cross Information Service. This service was created during the War at the instigation of women students at the time when Poland, as a result of various enemy occupations, was in a state of chaos. The office, the object of which was to trace prisoners of war and soldiers reported missing and to put them into touch with their families, began in a very small way, having only its organisers as members. Gradually, however, its activities developed and became more general.

The Information Bureau, which is now under the direction of three Polish students, Mmes Przyborowska, Bortnowska and Grabinska, has organised an information service for Poles who have emigrated to America, as well as exiles and prisoners in Soviet Russia; it also collects and distributes information of every sort and renders great service to all classes in Poland, reaching even out-lying districts.

1 M. Alexandre Dobrowolski represented the Polish Red Cross at the Geneva Conference for Russian famine relief (August 15-16, 1921.). 2 See Bulletin of the League of Red Cross Societies; Vol. II, No. 13-14, October-November, 1921, p. 513.

Activities of the Junior Red Cross.

thy neighbour. "

of members of the

The motto of the Polish Red Cross is "Love The Central Committee of the Polish Red Cross, with the assistance American Red Cross, have created a Central Committee of the Polish

Junior Red Cross. At the beginning of this year this Committee addressed an appeal to teachers and pupils which met with an enthusiastic response and resulted in the immediate organisation of branch sections. Workshops for boys and girls were opened in Warsaw and elsewhere. In these workshops older girls work garments for wounded and disabled soldiers and for poor children, while the younger ones prepare bandages, collect news-papers and books for the sick and bring plants and flowers for their gardens. The boys go in for book-binding, toy-making and the manufacture of useful articles, such as ink-pots, pen-wipers, etc.

Branch sections have organised holiday colonies, and what are called "half-colonies," (an arrangement by which children living in towns and unable to get sufficient air and sunshine are enabled to pass their weekly holidays in the country), as well as playgrounds and little gardens where children can cultivate vegetables for poor children. Despite the great and continual difficulties which Poland is obliged to face and despite the war which has prevented all systematic work, 400 branch sections of the Polish Junior Red Cross have been organised with a rapidly increasing membership, which has already reached 100,000.

The fact that the recently elected Committee of the Polish Junior Red Cross is supported by government authorities as well as by the public, is a guarantee of the future of this movement.

Nursing School in Warsaw. The School for Nurses was opened on October 30 at the Polish Red Cross Hospital, Warsaw. The establishment of this school was made possible by the efforts of the Ministry of Health, the Polish Red Cross, the American Red Cross, the Warsaw Department of Hospitals and the Medical Faculty of the Warsaw University.

The American Red Cross has promised to give the school five well qualified instructors for the period of two years. This is being done on the condition that the school will be organised under the auspices of the Ministry of Health and the Warsaw University.

The funds for the maintenance of the school are given by the Polish Red Cross Society and the Municipality of Warsaw.

The Director of the School is Miss Helen Bridge, who formerly occupied a similar post in St. Louis, Missouri. Twenty-five pupils are admitted to the course.

SWITZERLAND.

Geneva Red Cross branch and Visiting Nurses. The Bull tin has already spoken of the Social Hygiene Dispensary founded in 1920 by the Geneva branch of the Swiss Red Cross. This institution is rendering most valuable service. Dr. Guyot, chairman of the Geneva branch, has sent out the following appeal:

"Until recently there was a regrettable lack in the treatment of poor patients attending the free consultations of polyclinics and medical dispensaries. It was due to the fact that the doctors of these institutions were unable to obtain exact information regarding the home life, work, food, and especially the moral troubles of the patients. This information, which is difficult to obtain during a consultation, is most useful for judging and treating numerous cases.

"What was needed was a qualified intermediary between the medical consulting room and the home of the patient. This intermediary is the Visiting Nurse, who owes her existence to Dr. Calmette, of the Pasteur Institute.

"The Americans, with their practical sense, have perfected this idea by organising visiting nurses and grouping them round a new institution, entitled "Public Health Dispensary.

The Public Health Nurse is not merely someone who treats poor patients at home, neither is she a parish Sister (Gemeindeschwester); she is something more, Thanks to her special training, she becomes the health monitor of the population and leads the crusade against uncleanliness, ignorance and prejudice. She is the doctor's ally in the fight against the great scourges of humanity: tuberculosis, alcoholism, venereal diseases, infant mortality. Her rôle in this respect is not merely medical, but, above all, social. Besides sufficient medical knowledge, she must possess very clear ideas on civil legislation and factory laws, as well as on social aid and assistance. There can be no question that she is as useful to cities as to large country districts. In the United States there is an average of one visiting nurse to every four or five thousand inhabitants. In Lyons, where this activity was introduced by the American Red Cross in 1917, there are now ten times as many Visiting Nurses as there were two years ago.

"The Geneva branch of the Swiss Red Cross, encouraged by the success obtained in America, England and France, founded in 1920 a Social Hygiene Dispensary with Visiting Nurses. The latter, now five in number, make more than 1,300 vistis a month and are already rendering great service to the population. It would be well if they were three times as many, for they are of most valuable assistance to the doctor and greatly contribute towards instilling sound health principles. It is the duty of the city and state authorities to give financial support to an institution of such public utility—and it is greatly to be desired that it be extended throughout Switzerland and that its new and principal rôle be well understood.

"

For this reason, the Geneva bran h of the Red Cross and the Women's Institute for Social Studies have undertaken to create a training school for nurses, in order to supply the latter with the medical and social education necessary for the accomplishment of their delicate task. This course, which will last five months, includes complementary medical instruction, given by doctors, with a special view to what is needed, and social studies conducted by sociologists and jurists. Periods of probation in various medical, social and philanthropic institutions of the city, as well as in various branches of health work, will complete the theoretical instruction. Examinations will be held after the course and the period of probation, and a certificate will be delivered. 1 See Bulletin of the League of Red Cross Societies, vol. I, No, 12, Pages 18-19.