In undertaking its new peace-time activities, the Canadian Red Cross surrenders none of its former character. Besides being ready and better able than before to serve humanity in case of war, it will also be prepared to give help to local, national or international authorities in time of pestilence, famine or other disaster. There remains also a considerable task to be accomplished as a result of the war, such as the care for disabled combatants; it is estimated that this work will have to be continued for many years.

In Canada, each province has the responsibility of dealing with its own questions of health and sanitation, and, within the limits of the policy of the Red Cross Society, each provincial division is practically autonomous and may arrange its form of cooperation with the Provincial Government as seems most expedient.

Public Health Nurses. In view of the fact that as yet no provision has been made for an adequate course of instruction and training in public health nursing, the University of Toronto, after conferring with the Provincial Division of the Canadian Red Cross, arranged that a course in public health nursing should be given by the University, the Red Cross agreeing to meet expenses for a period of three years, also granting scholarships to ten nurses to enable them to take the course.

Similar provisions for courses in public health nursing have been made by the Red Cross in other provinces. In order to obtain an additional number of nurses for the province, the Ontario Division was asked for a grant of money, and the society now pays the salaries of eight nurses who work in conjunction with the Official Health Department.

The following is a summary of the work of the other provincial divisions of the Canadian Red Cross.

The British Columbia Division has undertaken to train and maintain twelve nurses for public health work in rural districts; in Alberta earnest efforts have been made to provide and maintain nursing and hospital service in outlying districts; in Saskatchewan special relief work was administered for the provincial government and nursing outposts have been established; in Manitoba nursing stations have been established in unorganised districts and are being carried on under a joint committee of three representatives of the Red Cross and two of the Provincial Board of Health; in Quebec the Red Cross has encouraged the establishment of health centres and meets the expense of providing a course in public health for graduate nurses at McGill University; the Red Cross in New Brunswick has provided the money for the training of nurses in public health duties and has undertaken educational public health work throughout the province; in Nova Scotia the Red Cross operated two public health caravans during July and August and has assumed the responsibility for the maintenance of several public health nurses; in Prince Edward Island the provincial division has arranged to provide one public health nurse to carry on educational and organisation work throughout the province.

Public Health Work in Toronto. In the matter of public health service Toronto takes a leading place among the cities of the American continent. Whereas ten years ago the Health Department of Toronto dealt for the most part with sanitary regulations, it now deals chiefly with public health work of an educational and preventive nature. The great progress realised during this period is shown by the following table:

Medical inspection of schools was introduced in 1910, and each pupil is now given complete physical examination twice during his school career, special examinations being given when required. The Health Department considers that 99% of this progress is due to the education of the public in question of health reform.

The Red Cross does not desire to undertake or to compete with work already being carried on by official authorities or to assume work which is being done by other existing voluntary organisations. Its function is to strengthen and assist them. As one means towards doing that, grants of money have been made by the Red Cross to the St. John Ambulance Association, the St. John Ambulance Brigade, the Canadian Association for the Prevention of Tuberculosis, the Canadian National Council for Combating Venereal Diseases, the Canadian National Committee for Mental Hygiene, and the Child Welfare Section of the Canadian Public Health Association.

Developing the Junior Red Cross. - The Canadian Red Cross Society, which was the first to give school children a chance to participate in Red Cross work, has recently issued a pamphlet giving a brief history of the work in seven provinces and the plans for the future.

The "Children's Branch" of the Quebec Red Cross Society began in September 1914, with a programme of sewing and money-making activities in support of the chapter work. Inspired by this example, the teachers of Saskatchewan began a year later, the children in the schools of that one province giving $30,000 to the Canadian Patriotic Fund in their first year, and sending $67,000 to the relief of Belgian children in 1916, and $ 19,000 to general Red Cross activities in 1919. At the close of the year 1920 there were 369 Junior branches in Saskatchewan and there had been established "The Junior Red Cross Fund for Crippled Children". The support of this fund and, through it, the providing of surgical and hospital treatment for children, otherwise unable to receive the expert care that might restore them to health and normal life, has been the chief activity of these 369 branches.

Similar work for disabled children was undertaken by the juniors of Alberta province when they began organisation in May 1920. The membership at Christmas time had reached 2100. By means of Health Clubs in the schools, instruction in hygiene has been brought to the Junior members.

In Ontario the work for disabled children has been directed particularly toward cases in rural communities at such a distance from centres of population that medical aid has been almost unavailable.

In all this work the provincial ministries of education have taken a keen interest and arrangements are now being made to obtaining ministerial approval for this work in the provinces of New Brunswick, Manitoba and British Columbia. The central office of the Canadian Red Cross at Toronto has defined the Junior Red Cross movement in Canada as a part of the peace-time programme of the League of Red Cross Societies. The international scope of the work, its usefulness in bringing to the school children a wider citizenship and sympathy, have been put forward as fundamental in planning the development and extension of the programme. The propaganda poster used in Ontario asks the boys and girls to "Help carry out the Peace-Time Purpose of the Canadian Red Cross Society: the Improvement of Health, the Prevention of Disease and the Mitigation of Sut

fering throughout the World". The poster quotes a verse of Kipling's, pledging loyalty to the Motherland, and has three small pictures illustrating phases of the programme: "Play the Game", "Keep the Window open" and "Support the Children's Fund."

The vivid appreciation of the possibilities of the work by Canadian public men is indicated in a letter of endorsement from the Hon. W. M. Martin, Premier and Minister of Education for Saskatchewan, in which he says: "The Junior Red Cross of Saskatchewan has set before itself very definite objects - chiefly the study and practice of hygiene and the relief of crippled children. I realise that the former will tend unfailingly toward healthy generations in the future and that the latter will mean the happiness of many children now apparently doomed to lives of suffering. In the study of health, in the practice of healthy habits, in the assistance given to crippled children, splendid constructive work will be done for our children. Ideals of humanity and good service will be daily inculcated and our citizenship thereby strengthened towards good ends.

"The Junior Red Cross, therefore, has my full approval and I would suggest that while schools are in operation, in order to assist the realisation of these objects, a portion of every Friday afternoon be given to the study of those humanitarian phases of education and citizenship for which the Junior Red Cross stands."

New Brunswick Division. The New Brunswick Division of the Canadian Red Cross has started a Bulletin which gives details of the various activities undertaken by this Division. The first number of the Bulletin reproduces a message from the President of the New Brunswick Division, Mr. R. T. Hayes, which is worded as follows: "During the year 1920 the New Brunswick Red Cross has carried on and discharged the ordinary routine of duties growing out of war, the principal activities being hospital and port work. In addition, progress has been made on a Health programme along the lines recommended and approved by the Geneva League of Red Cross Societies. In the carrying out of plans outlined for the year 1921, it is hoped that the Red Cross can be used to great advantage in caring for returned soldiers in hospitals, and in cooperation with the Provincial Health Department and Victorian Order in the promotion of health throughout the province."

CZECHO-SLOVAKIA.

Organisation of the Junior Red Cross. As a result of the membership campaign undertaken by the American Junior Red Cross Commission, over 75,000 Czecho-Slovak children have now joined the Junior Red Cross.

The Commission, with the support of the American Juniors, started its work by instituting in the schools of the country the so-called "Health Game”, consisting in a friendly competition among 73,000 children to acquire a knowledge of hygiene and to improve their health. Under the direct auspices of the League of Red Cross Societies, and in cooperation with the Bureau of Junior Membership of the Department of Organisation of the League, these children have now formed a permanent junior branch of the Czecho-Slovak Red Cross Society, exceeding their original number.

Miss Fanneal Harrisson, director of the unit for the American Junior Red Cross and a staff of thirty-six women workers twelve of whom are Americans, the others being Czecho-Slovak - launched the campaign by sending circulars to the teachers of the four principal cities: Prag, Brno, Pilzen and Bratislawa,. and addressing the children in public meetings. Over 500 separate classes were appealed to directly and at the end of the first week enrollments in 37 schools in the four cities amounted to nearly 9000.

The Central Committee in control of the affairs of the organisation represented the elements of the educational world. This committee consisted at first of Dr. Alice Masaryk, President of the Czecho-Slovak Red Cross, Prof. Fr. Drtina, former minister, who has been active in educational work, Prof. J. Jenista and Inspector Joseph Zeman of the Ministry of Education, Inspector Moritz Strach, representing the German speaking schools, Prof. Jan Skola, and Mrs. ZaharovaNemcova, member of the Ministry of Social Welfare. In March, when Prof. Drtina went to Oxford to deliver a series of lectures, his place was taken as chairman by Inspector Strach. It was also decided to add other members to represent the Slovak schools and the men and women teachers as separate bodies.

The cooperation of the Ministry of Education was expressed not only in the presence on the committee of important officials, but also by public approval. In Bratislawa the Government went so far as to release the President of the Slovakian teachers' association from all teaching duties, although retaining him as an official, so that he might devote all his time to helping the organisation work.

On March 19, the schools closed for Easter vacation. There were then more than 55,000 enrolled. During the vacation period the children in the schools throughout the new republic were discussing their new opportunities and in the first week, after the schools were re-opened, approximately 20,000 more came forward to help.

Programmes adopted by these groups of young Red Cross workers have been very varied, but they have all expressed the same ideas of service and kindness. Three hundred and sixty-five classes are at work on definite projects. Of these 104 provide for sewing for needy children, 58 for knitting, 37 for toy-making, 30 for gardening, 101 for carrying on the "health game" under their own direction, 19 for studying hygiene. Other classes will devote their efforts to salvaging and selling cast-off articles, wood carving and community cleaning enterprises, for which they are paid. Many children will also save part of their pocket money to provide oranges for sick children.

In cooperation with the Bureau of Junior Membership of the League, the members of the American unit have worked with untiring energy and enthusiasm and have given generously from their resources of supplies and money. Through the system of school correspondence it is hoped to ensure for the future good understanding between the children, who are now all members of the Junior Red Cross.

Lecture Tour. - Dr. Alice Masaryk, President of the Red Cross of CzechoSlovakia, was accompanied on a recent lecture tour by Mr. Lyman Bryson, director of the Bureau of Junior Membership. Public meetings held at Brno and Kyjov, in Moravia, and Bratislawa, in Slovakia, were addressed by Dr. Masaryk on the purposes of the national Red Cross Society, by Ing. Dorazil on the programme and by Mr. Bryson on the international phases of Red Cross work, particularly as developed in the Junior Red Cross.

DENMARK.

Danish Railways and the Red Cross. In May 1919 the Danish Red Cross requested the railway authorities to improve the instructions in First Aid given to railway doctors. Six months later a letter was received stating that the request could not be granted as the actual training given to railway doctors was found generally sufficient, but that recapitulation courses could be held more frequently. It was also pointed out that there was a shortage in the staff which caused considerable difficulty. Extended instruction was not considered necessary, in view of the fact that sanitary detachments exist in all parts of the country and that these would be on the spot in case of railway accidents.

The arguments brought forward by the railway authorities were not considered justifiable by the Red Cross, as a sanitary detachment must first be called together at its own station before being able to proceed to the place of accident, thus necessitating a certain delay. The Red Cross, therefore, insisted that it was of the highest importance that the railway staff in attendance be able immediately to render help to the wounded and care for them until relieved by the sanitary detachment.

The Danish Red Cross is now trying to organise sanitary detachments in all the towns in which ambulance trains are stationed, and hopes to obtain the necessary permission from the railway authorities for carrying on this work, as it is the duty of the Society to procure first help in case of accidents.

FRANCE.

Union des Femmes de France. - The March number of "Revue de l'Union des Femmes de France", contains interesting details of the work of organisation in liberated regions, more especially with regard to the development of the Hénin-Liétard station (Pas-de-Calais). During December, 1920, the establishment distributed 1,527 litres milk to infants; 1,250 meals were served in the school canteen; 600 families were visited and 2,000 articles of clothing were made in the workroom. In the course of the same month, 350 kilos of cocoa, 150 kilos of vegetables, 680 tins of condensed milk, 53 kilos of knitting wool, and approximately 1,400 articles of clothing or bedding were distributed or sold.

The "Revue" further gives an account of the work of the various establishments organised by the Union.

I. SCHOOL OF NURSING, 32, RUE DE LA JONQUIÈRE, PARIS. The Jonquière school, after training the devoted personnel which enabled the organisation to render such excellent service during the war, carried on as a hospital of 50 beds, this number being increased to 90 during the busiest period; 67,060 days of hospitalisation were registered.

After the war, the school reopened. The following is a summary of results: 1) School Dispensary (October 1, 1919 to December 31, 1920): 2,871 patients registered, resulting in 12,436 consultations or dressings, namely: medical 1,715; surgical, 2,027; rhino-laryngology, 1,270; ophthalmology, 417; dentistry, 872; gymnastics, 112; massage, 915; dressings, 5,108; Total: 12,436.

The following figures are of interest as showing how much the treatment given at the dispensary is appreciated. In October 1919, the date of reopening, the number of patients registered was 69, resulting in 280 consultations or dressings; in December 1920, after the institute had been working 15 months, 261 new patients had registered, resulting in 1,507 consultations or dressings. Complete courses of training: Pupils entered: 159; having completed the

course, 21.

Massage: Pupils registered, 22; having completed the course, 21. Gymnastics: Pupils registered, 17; having completed the course, 13. School Hospital: (November 1, 1919 to December 31, 1920): number of days of hospitalisation, 3,385; consultations or dressings, 197.

Periods of training: In 1919, of 19 pupils registered, 17 completed the period of training; in 1920 of 11 pupils registered 8 continued the course; 3 reentered for a different course in 1921.

II. MARIE FEUILLET DISPENSARY AT RABAT. - The Marie Feuillet Dispensary, organised by the Red Cross, is situated at Rabat, an Arabian town in Morocco. The foundation of the dispensary dates back to the first years of the French protectorate of the Shereefian Empire. As far back as 1911, Arab women