In the department of obstetrics they are decidedly in advance of their Chinese teachers; but for an account of this, and of the social status of physicians in Japan, the reader should refer to Wernich's Zur Geschichte der Medicin in Japan, Rohlfs' Archiv, 1878, and Gierke, Ueber die Medicin in Japan in alten und neuen Zeiten, the same, 1884, to both of which I am indebted.

For Chinese medicine see the articles on the subject in the China Review, 1872, and Chinese Recorder, vol. ii. Dabry, La Médecin chez les Chinois, Paris, 1863. Soubeiran, La Matière Medicale Chez les Chinois, 1874. Wernich, Chinesische Medicin, in Hirsch's Biographisches Lexikon Hervorragender Aerzte, Vienna, 1884.

Dr. Heerajee, in his interesting History of the Medical Art (Bombay, 1880), gives the following Chinese cure for nightmare: "Do not bring in a light, or call loudly to the sleeper, but bite his heel or big toe, and gently utter his name; also spit in his face, and give him some ginger-beer; he will soon come round. If not, blow into his ears through small tubes, pull out fourteen hairs from his head, twist them together and poke them up his nose."

APPENDIX II.

THE ASCLEPIADE AND THE PRIESTS OF ESCULAPIUS.

WHEN Pausanias, the tourist, visited the temple of Æsculapius at Epidaurus (about A.D. 150), he noticed six pillars engraved with stories of patients, two of which have been recently discovered in the excavations carried out there by M. Cavvadias. They date from about the close of the fourth century B.C., and the following is a translation of the parts which have been preserved.

One of the pillars, probably the first of the series, has a special heading "God. Good fortune. Cures of Apollo and Asclepios." Then follow twenty cases, nineteen of which are given here :—

(1) Cleo, pregnant five years. She being already five years pregnant came a suppliant to the god, and lay down to sleep in the sacred chamber (åßár); but she went out speedily, and got forth from the temple and bore a son, who immediately washed

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himself in the spring and walked about with his mother. Now, when this had happened to her, she wrote on a votive tablet :

"Marvel not at the size of this tablet but at the occurrence:

Five years Cleo was pregnant, she slept, and the god made her whole ".

(2) A three years' girl. Ithmonica of Pellas came to pray for offspring, and, having lain down to sleep, saw a vision. She seemed to ask the god that she might conceive a girl, and Asclepios said she should, and that he would fulfil whatever else she asked, but she said she needed nothing more. Then she became pregnant and remained so three years. Then she resolved to supplicate the god for the birth, and having slept she saw a vision; the god seemed to ask whether all she required had not happened to her, since she had conceived, for she had asked him nothing about the birth, and that though he had further inquired if she needed ought else; but, now she had at length come a suppliant for this, he would also accomplish it. Then she hastily left the chamber, and having got out of the temple was delivered of a girl.

(3) A man with the fingers of his hand paralysed, save one. He came a suppliant to the god, and seeing the tablets in the temple he disbelieved the cures, and ridiculed the inscriptions, and sleeping he saw a vision. He seemed to be playing dice, and, as he was about to throw, the god appeared, seized his hand, and stretched out the fingers, then he seemed to bend them up and stretch them out one by one, and when all were straight the god asked if he still disbelieved the inscriptions on the tablets, and he said no. Then he said: "Fear not for thy former unbelief, but, that thou mayest believe in future, thou shalt obtain what a believer obtains" (?) (the sentence is much mutilated). And when it was day he went away whole.

(4) Ambrosia of Athens, blind of one eye. She came a suppliant to the god, and going round the temple ridiculed some of the inscriptions, saying it was incredible and impossible that the lame and blind should be cured by seeing a dream-vision only. But having slept she saw a vision; the god seemed to stand by her and say that he would heal her, but would demand as payment a silver pig to be set up in the temple as a memorial of her stupidity. Having thus spoken, he opened her diseased

eye and poured medicine on it, and when it was day she departed cured.

(5) A dumb child came as suppliant to the temple on account of his speech, and when he had sacrificed and done what was usual the attendant who served the altar, looking at the boy's father, said: "Do you agree to make payment for the cure within a year, if that happens for which he has come". Then the child suddenly said: "I agree". The father, amazed, bade him say it again, and after this he was cured.

(6) Pandarus the Thessalian had (brand) marks on his forehead. He, when asleep, saw a vision. The god seemed to tie his head-band (raivía) round the marks, and to bid him, when he left the chamber, take off the band and dedicate it in the temple. And when it was day he did so, and his forehead was clear; and he dedicated the band, which had the marks on it.

(7) Echedorus got Pandarus' marks as well as his own. Having received money from Pandarus to consecrate to the god he came to Epidaurus for the same reason, but kept the money. Lying down to sleep he saw a vision; the god seemed to ask him whether he had got money from Pandarus to make an offering; but he said no, he had nothing, and begged to be cured gratis and he would put up a tablet. Then the god bound the head-band of Pandarus round the marks, and told him when he went out to take it off, wash his face in the well, and look at himself in the water. When it was day he went out, took off the band, and the letters were no longer on it, but looking into the well he saw his face with his own marks and those of Pandarus also.

(8) Euphanes, an Epidaurian boy. This patient incubated because of stone. The god seemed to stand and ask: "What will you give if I cure you?" and he said ten dice bones. The god laughed and said he would heal him, and when it was day he departed cured.

(9) A man once came who was so blind that one of his eyes had only the lids left, and seemed an empty space. Some persons in the temple ridiculed his simplicity, to hope for recovery when he had only an eye socket and no eye. He slept and had a vision; it seemed that the god prepared a medicine,

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separated his eyelids and poured it in. At daybreak he departed, seeing with both eyes.

(10) The cup. A porter on his way to the temple fell when ten furlongs from it. He rose and opening his sack found the contents were broken. Seeing that the cup his master drank from was smashed, he was in despair, and sitting on the ground tried to fit the pieces together. A passer-by seeing this exclaimed: "Why, miserable man, waste time in trying to mend that cup; not even Asclepios of Epidaurus could do it". The slave hearing this put the shards in his sack and went to the temple. On arrival he opened the sack and found the cup mended. He told the story to his master, who presented the cup to the god.

(11) Æschines climbed up a tree while the suppliants were sleeping and looked into the chamber; but he fell on some stakes and severely injured both eyes. Blind and in agony he besought the god, and went away cured.

(12) Evippus carried a spear-point in his jaw for six years. He slept, and the god having extracted the weapon placed it in his hands. At daybreak he departed cured, taking the weapon with him.

(13) A man of Torone who had swallowed leeches. Having slept he had a vision; the god appeared to open his chest with a knife and take out the leeches, which he placed in his hands and then closed his chest. At daybreak he went off with the leeches in his hands, and was cured from that hour. His illness was due to the perfidy of his step-mother, who put the leeches in a mixture of wine and honey which he drank.

(14) Hermodicus of Lampsacus, feeble in body, slept, and the god having cured him bade him go forth and carry into the court the largest stone he could find. He carried that which is now before the sleeping chamber.

(15) The lame Nicanor. As he sat wide awake a child stole his staff and ran; Nicanor rose and pursued him, and from that moment was cured.

(16) A man cured of a bad toe by the serpent. This man suffered much from an ulcer on his toe. The temple servants carried him out and set him on a seat. While he slept a serpent came from the sanctuary and cured his toe with his tongue, and

then returned. The patient awoke, and, finding himself cured, said he dreamt that a beautiful youth had appeared and applied a remedy.

(17) Alcetas of Halice. He was blind and had a vision; the god seemed to open his eyes with his fingers and he saw the trees in the temple court. Day broke and he departed cured.

(18) Heraus of Mytilene. This patient had no hair on his head, but much on his chin. Vexed by the ridicule of his neighbours, he incubated. The god anointed his head with a drug and made him have hair.

(19) Thyson of Hermione, a blind child. While he was wide awake one of the temple dogs licked his eyes and he departed cured.

Second Pillar (1) Arete of Lacedæmon, dropsy. This patient stayed in Lacedæmon, and her mother incubated for her and saw a vision. The god seemed to cut off her daughter's head and to hang up the body neck downwards, and when much fluid had run out he replaced the head. Returning to Lacedæmon, she found that her daughter was well, having seen the same vision.

(2) Hermon the Thasian was blind, and was cured; but since he made no offering the god made him blind again. Then he came back, and incubated, and was healed.

(3) Aristagora of Troezen. This woman had a worm in her belly, and incubated in the precincts (réμevos) of Asclepios at Troezen and saw a vision. The servants of the god (who was not there, but was staying at Epidaurus) seemed to cut off her head, but being unable to put it on again sent some one to fetch Asclepios. Meanwhile day came upon them, and the priest saw while wide awake the head separated from the body. The next night Aristagora saw a vision. The god appeared to her (having come from Epidaurus), replaced her head, and opening her belly took out the worm and sewed it up again, and thenceforth she was healed. (This story is told in nearly the same words by Hippys of Rhegium, a historian of the fifth century B.C., but he transposes Troezen and Epidaurus.)

(4) The child Aristocritus of Halicé in the rocks. He dived in the sea, and swam under water till he got to a dry place surrounded by rocks, where he could find no exit. His father, after