Anatomie und Physiologie des 1. 3. Morgagni, 3erin, Car.. brugger, und ein Inventum Novum, Graz.com with biography, etc.. Laennec, uute te 1870. Bichat's chief works are Faute des Inorunes. Retere tes Physic logiques ur a Vie et a Mort, and the inutom neruie, which are published in in many separate editions and together in us eacres. Parrs 1857. His biography may be found in the ordinary works of reference. and in The Hundred Greatest Men of History, London, 1885 APPENDIX I. THE MEDICINE OF CHINA AND JAPAN. THE history of Western medicine since the time of Hippocrates is the record of a fairly continuous effort to obtain some exact knowledge of the nature of disease and the best mode of treating it, or, in other words, to establish a science of medicine upon anatomy and physiology. In this sense the two great Eastern nations have no medical history, for they made no such attempt worth mentioning; but an account of their chief medical books, of the theories which took the place of anatomy and physiology, and of their more typical modes of treatment, may be not without interest. The Chinese attribute the origin of medicine to a mythical emperor Ching-Nong, who was also the inventor of agriculture and the father of his people, for he allowed no drug to be used till he had tested it upon his own imperial person. His wisdom equalled his benevolence, and such were the virtues of the food and remedies he introduced, that his life and those of his contemporaries were prolonged beyond the normal span. His successor Hwang-ti (2697-2598) also lived to a great age and laid down a regular system of medicine in the Nuei-king. This work was exempted from destruction by the author's namesake Chi-Hwang-ti, "the burner of books," B.C. 213, and has survived to our own day, though it may be doubted whether any of its present contents is more ancient than the Christian era. In the second century appeared the Nang-king, and in the third Wang-Shu wrote ten large volumes on the pulse. In 629 schools of medicine and astrology were established in all the chief towns, each consisting of a director and two professors; but they seem to have done nothing for the progress of the art, and no more medical books of importance were published till 1247, when Sung-Tse wrote his classical work on forensic medicine, the Si-Yuen-Luh, which indicates the high-water mark of Chinese LANE MEDICAL LIBRARY STANFORD, CALIF. 94305 medical science. It is said to contain valuable observations on the symptoms of drowning, and the fame of its mysterious wisdom is so great, that the very sight of it is enough to make poisoners, etc., confess their crimes. About 1500 appeared the chief Chinese cyclopædia of medicine, edited by Prince Chu-Su of the Ming dynasty, and comprising 160 volumes, 770 treatises and 22,000 prescriptions. It was mainly from this that a committee of 800 physicians under the presidency of Li-Shi-Chin compiled in 1596 the famous Pun-Tsaou-Kang-mu, or Chinese materia medica, in fifty-two volumes, describing 1890 drugs. Medical literature then degenerated for a time into shorter monographs, of which only that on acupuncture (seven volumes with copious illustrations) need be noticed here. In 1740 appeared a work of ninety volumes on the pulse, with a short notice of the circulation of air in the body and the treatment of fractures; and about the same time the Pentsao, or chief Chinese work on botany was published. Beyond the knowledge of the proper places for acupuncture the Chinese have no anatomy worthy of the name, for the diagrams of the inside of the body now in use seem to be derived largely from Western sources, and show the dangers of a little knowledge. Thus the windpipe is made to pass directly into the heart, from which three other tubes arise connecting it with the liver, spleen and right kidney, from which last a canal passes to the brain. In the Chinese classical works, anatomy, physiology, pathology and therapeutics are all mingled together, and combined with fanciful analogies reminding us of those of Paracelsus and the mediæval practitioners. Thus there are five chief organs, each corresponding to one of the five elements, planets, seasons, etc., as is briefly indicated in the following table: — |