Scottish Bells-Belief in Music for expelling Disease—Antiquity of Cymbals-Bells and Gongs in China-The Bell of St. Patrick Inflatile Instruments-Flutes in Paleolithic Times-Pandean Pipes Ornithoparcus on Jubal-George Eliot's Poem―The Bag- pipe-The Horn and the Trumpet-Etruscan Bronze Trumpets found in Ireland-Trumpets of an Enemy's Arm-bone-Hebrew Trumpets-Egyptian, Assyrian, Etruscan, and Greek Pipes and Double Pipes-The Nose-Flute-Chinese Bamboo Flutes-Flutes of Peru and Mexico-Egyptian Reed Pipes with Straws Inserted Traditional Origin of the Lyre-The Tortoise in Asia and America The Search for Osiris-Transferred to Orpheus-Same Myth in Mexico and Peru-The Lyre in South and West Africa -The Bent Bow the Precursor of the Harp-Egyptian and Assyrian Harps-Old Irish Harp-Semitic Lyre-The Lyre of Apollo-The Shell of the Tortoise imitated in Gourds-The Plectrum in the East-The Vina, or Bina-Strings of the Lyre vary in Number-Pythagorean Lyre-The Three Measures-The Story of Orpheus-Introduced into Britain by the Romans- Tesselated Pavements-Diodorus Siculus and Stonehenge-Sun LIST OF PRINCIPAL WORKS REFERRED TO IN THE FOLLOWING PAGES. ANDERSON, A. A.: 'Twenty-five Years in a Waggon.' ANDERSON, DR. JOSEPH: 'Scotland in Early Christian Times.' BARING GOULD: Myths of the Middle Ages.' BEAUFORT, E. A. (VISCOUNTESS STRANGFORD): Egyptian Sepulchres and Syrian Shrines.' BELT, THOMAS: Naturalist in Nicaragua.' BOLLAERT, WM.: 'Antiquities, &c. of South America.' BOYD-DAWKINS: Early Man in Britain.' BRINTON, DANIEL G.: Myths of the New World.' Broca, Dr. PAUL: 'Sur la Trépanation du Crâne et les Amulettes Crâniennes à l'époque Néolithique,' Presidential Address (Translation of) Journ. Anth. Inst. Nov. 1877. CARTAILLHAC, E.: La France Préhistorique.' DALL, WM. HEALEY: 'Masks and Labrets.' (Third Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1881-82, Smithsonian Institution.) DARWIN, CHARLES: Origin of Species,' 'Descent of Man.' DAUBENY, PROFESSOR C. G. B.: 'Six Lectures on Roman Husbandry.' DU HALDE, JEAN BAPTISTE: 'History of China.' ENNEMOSER, JOSEPH, M.D.: 'History of Magic.' EVANS, DR. JOHN, F.R.S., &c.: 'Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain.' FERGUSSON, JAMES: 'Rude Stone Monuments,' 'Tree and Serpent Worship.' FLETCHER, DR. ROBERT: 'On Pre-historic Trephining and Cranial Amulets,' 'Contributions to N. American Ethnology,' Vol. V. GEIKIE, JAMES: The Great Ice Age.' HAWEIS, REV. H. R.: 'Music and Morals.' HAWKINS, SIR JOHN: 'History of Music.' HOLDEN, EDWARD S.: 'Studies in Central American Picture Writing.' (First Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology, 1879-80, Smithsonian Institution.) HOLMES, W. H.: 'Art in Shell of Ancient Americans.' (Second Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology, 1880-81, Smithsonian Institution.) HUC, EVARISTE R.: 'The Chinese Empire.' HUTCHINSON, CONSUL: 'Two Years in Peru.' HUXLEY, T. H., F.R.S., &c. : Man's Place in Nature.' KAY, STEPHEN: Caffrarian Researches.' KEATING: History of Ireland.' KELLER, DR. FERDINAND: Lake Dwellings of Switzerland. LEBRUN, PIERRE: 'Superstitions Anciennes et Modernes.' LUBBOCK, SIR JOHN, F. R.S., &c.: Pre-historic Times,' 'The Origin of Civilization. LYELL, SIR CHARLES: 'Antiquity of Man.' MALLERY, GARRICK: Pictographs of North American Indians.' (Fourth Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology, 1882-83, Smithsonian Institution.) MALLET: Northern Antiquities.' MAN, E. H.: The Andamanese.' (Journal of Anthropological Institute, February 1881, August 1882, November 1882, February 1883.) MARKHAM, CLEMENTS: Rites and Laws of the Incas.' MAURICE, THOMAS: History of Hindostan.' MIGNE: 'Dictionnaire de Mythologie' (Sciences Occultes). OWEN History of Serpents.' PITT-RIVERS, GENERAL, F.R.S., &c.: 6 'Excavations in Cranborne Chase, Early Modes of Navigation' (Journ. Anth. Inst., April 1875), Chert Implements in Nile Valley' (Journ. Anth. Inst., May 1882). PocoCKE: 'India in Greece.' 6 POTTER: Antiquities of Greece.' PRESCOTT: 'Histories of Peru and Mexico.' RAWLINSON, "Translation of Herodotus,' 'Early Monarchies.' SPEIR, MRS.: 'Life in Ancient India.' TAYLOR, CANON ISAAC: Seat of the Aryans.' TENNANT: Ceylon.' Origin of the Aryans,'' Origin and Primitive (Journ. Anth. Inst., February 1888.) TYLOR, DR. E. B.: 'Anahuac,' 'Primitive Culture,' 'Early History of Mankind.' TYNDALE: 'Sardinia.' WALLACE, A. R.: Malay Archipelago,' 'Island Life, 'Geographical Distribution of Animals.' WARTON History of Poetry.' WILDE, SIR W.: Ireland Past and Present.' WILKINSON: Manners and Customs of Ancient Egyptians.' WILLIAMS: Fiji and Fijians.' WILSON, DR. DANIEL: Pre-historic Man,' 'Pre-historic Annals of Scotland.' YARROW, DR. H. C.: Mortuary Customs of N. American Indians.' (First Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology, 1879-81, Smithsonian Institution.) ANTHROPOLOGICAL STUDIES. CHAPTER I. THE BIRTH OF ANTHROPOLOGY. Anthropology-The Science of Man-Definition-Owes its Birth to Geology-Pre-scientific Geology-Freaks of NatureGerms of Science among the Ancients-Lucretius-The Fortuitous Concourse of Atoms-The vast Periods of Geology foreshadowed in Oriental Fables-Struggles between Faith and Reason. NOTWITHSTANDING the progress made in scientific knowledge, there are yet many, even among the highly educated and intellectual, who know nothing of anthropology except the name, and who if asked to define the term would assert that it had something to do with old bones, flints, and rubbish. Such men would be astonished at the vast scope of anthropological research, as marked out by the leaders of a science young in years, but numbering among its teachers and students many of the most advanced thinkers of the day, not in Great Britain only, but throughout the world. The answer to the question, What is anthropology? is perhaps best given in the words of one of its earliest and most enthusiastic students, the late Sir William Wilde, of Dublin, who in his opening address to the Biological Section of the British Association in Belfast (1874) defined anthropology (which was then, and for B |