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-Man certainly cotemporary with Extinct Animals-- His Pre-
Glacial Origin still in dispute-Difference between Early and
Later Paleolithic Tools.
CHAPTER IV.
THE ORIGIN OF MAN
33
Ancient and Orthodox Belief incompatible with Modern
Discoveries-Darwin's Theory at present unproved-French
Anthropologists-Broca's Progression of Types-Ancient Beliefs
-Gradual Advance of Man-Great Chasm between Man and
Ape-The most Ancient Skulls-The Dolichocephalic (long) and
the Brachycephalic (round) Types co-existent-Monogenists and
Polygenists-Continental Discoveries of Pliocene Man not credited
by English Anthropologists-Lyell and Darwin on Man's probable
Age and Birthplace-His Slow Dispersal.
Importance of the Subject-Effects of Climate, Soil, and
Food not sufficiently studied-The Peopling of Oceanic Islands-
Darwin and Wallace on Permanence of existing Continents-The
Hypothetical Lemuria-Huxley and Flower on the Classification
of Modern Races-Latham on the Effects of Climate and Soil on
different Races-Isolation as a Preservative of Type-Pigmy
Races The Small Dark Race of Europe-Huxley's Four Types
-Probable Route of Migration of Australioids-General Pitt-
Rivers on Early Modes of Navigation-Distribution of the Great
Mongoloid Race.
MIGRATIONS
CHAPTER VI.
63
Civilized Man alone capable of ranging from the Tropics to
the Poles-Barriers to Early Migrations The Phoenicians and
the Mammoth-Changes effected by Human Agency-Distribu-
tion of Mammals prior to the Advent of Man-Change of Habitat
consequent upon Glacial Epoch-Did Man follow the Game ?—
Professor Boyd-Dawkins on the Eskimo-Early Art of the Rein-
deer Race-Its Importance-Wanderings of the River-drift Men
-The Bushmen, and other Dwarf Races of Africa-Are they also
Offshoots of Paleolithic Man ?-Neolithic Races-The Basques-
Asiatic Migrations - Wanderings of the Malayo-Polynesians
across the Pacific-Effects of Involuntary Migrations—Modern
Instance-Migrations of the Aryans-Recent Theories.
Agriculture the First Step towards Civilization-Probably
Originated with Women-Antiquity of Cereal Agriculture—
Native Names-Maize-Was it known in the Eastern Hemisphere
prior to Columbus ?-Turkey Corn-Ancient Cultivation in
America-Food of Ancient Egyptians-Roots and Fruits preceded
Cereals Chinese Agriculture-Moon-Worship among Agricultur-
ists-Lunar Influence on Plants-Agricultural Implements-
Bushman Digging-Sticks-The Primitive Plough-The Tribulum
of the East-Women as Agriculturists-Terraced Agriculture in
China and Peru.
CHAPTER VIII.
THE SERPENT IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-
LURGY
104
Metallurgy next to Agriculture as a Civilizing Agent-Gold
the first Metal used-The Use of Copper-Commercial Inter-
course consequent upon Metallurgy-Serpent Worship-The
Good Serpent always connected with the Precious Metals-
Totemic Origin-Do they really store Glittering Things?—The
Nagas of India and of Egypt-Cadmus-Quetzalcoatl-Osiris-
Silver-Smelted Metal probably unknown-Indian Legend-
Melted Gold conferring Immortality-The Serpent Myth in
America-Atlantis.
The Good Serpent or Dragon in Christian Times-Emblem
of Kingly Power-King Arthur-Owen's History of Serpents-
Men Serpents-Moses and the Serpent-Good and Evil Serpents
-The former the Symbol of Gods and Benefactors--The Midgard
Worm-Indian Legend-The Serpent as Guardian of Gems—
Virtues of the Guardian transferred to the Gems-Legends of
Gems-Abraham and the Ruby-The Gesta Romanorum-The
Serpent-Stone, or Bezoar-Musk as an Antidote to Snake-bites-
Sculptured Snakes rendered Tombs Sacred-Legends of Serpents
in connection with Rude Stone Monuments-The Serpent and
Sun-worship-Serpent Mounds—The Serpent Egg of the Druids,
and the Mundane Egg-The Serpent Myth of Turanian Origin—
Disseminated by Colonists of that Race.
CHAPTER X.
DIVINATION-BY THE ROD AND BY THE ARROW 140
Witch-Doctors and Diviners-Modern Dowsers-History of
the Divining-rod-Its Shape-To be cut from a Fruit-Bearing
Tree-Connection with the Sceptre and with Horns as Symbols
of Power-The Bifurcated Stick with Rings borne by many Gods
-Augury by Birds-Survival in the Wishing-Bone-Miracles
wrought by the Rod-Extreme Development of Rhabdomancy
among the Finns-Miraculous Virtues ascribed to Trees-Divin-
ation by Arrows-Used in casting Lots-Belomancy practised by
Nebuchadnezzar and by the Ancient Greeks-Lots among the
Anglo-Saxons, Hottentots and Kaffirs-Connection of Rods and
Arrows with Ancient Alphabets-Magical Virtues of Runes-
The Etruscan Tages and Greek Python-The Irish Alphabet-
Rhabdomancy and Belomancy traceable to Pre-Aryan Race-
Possibly possessed of a Power unknown to us-Subject for
Psychological Research.
CHAPTER XI.
BIRDS IN THE MYTHOLOGIES OF VARIOUS RACES
160
Birds as Symbols of Ancient Divinities-The Goose-Sacred
in India, Ceylon, Egypt, Rome, and Ancient Britain—A Turanian
Totem-Transformed into the Swan among Aryans-The Pea-
cock in India-Emblem of Juno denoting her Eastern Origin-
The Owl of Evil Augury-Minerva's Owl perhaps the Cuckoo, or
Minerva the Chief Divinity of Owl Tribe-The Phoenix-An
Astronomical Myth-The Hawk in Egypt, India, and Persia-
Fijian Legend-Mexican Bird-Serpent-The Vulture, Emblem of
Maut-Worn as Head-dress in Egypt and China--Bird of Augury
-The Cock-Symbol of Osiris and Durga-Sacred to Mars,
Apollo, and Esculapius-Of Sepulchral Significance in Etruria—
Sacrificed to the Sun in Scotland-The Dove the Bird of Venus
-Symbol of the Soul in Etruria-Connection with the Mundane
Egg-The Eagle-Special Symbol of Aryan Races—Legendary
Antipathy to Serpents denotes Race Antagonism-The Eagle in
Mexico and in India-Legend of the Mundane Egg in many
Lands.
CHAPTER XII.
TRACES OF PRE-HISTORIC INTERCOURSE BE-
TWEEN EAST AND WEST
182
Legends corroborated by Monumental Evidence-Dr. Daniel
Wilson's Routes of Migration-The Testimony of Canoes and
other Boats-Implements and Utensils-Rock Sculptures of Peru
-The Pottery of Peru and Hissarlik-The Symbol of the Pro-
truding Tongue―The Winged Globe of Egypt in Yucatan and
Palenque The T and Swastika - The Mexican Pyramids,
Dolmens and Rocking-Stones-Cyclopean Architecture-Earth
Mounds and Burial Customs-Monuments in Pacific Islands-
Mr. Dall on Distribution of Masks and Labrets-Shell Ornaments.
-
Trephined Skulls in Peru and Illinois-Discovery of M.
Prunières-Supposed Drinking Cup-Dr. Broca's Explanation-
His Theories-Surgical Operation for Epilepsy-Posthumous
Trephining to provide Amulets-Operation chiefly on Children
-Performed by grating away the Substance with Flint Imple-
ment-Process described by Taxil (1603)-Incomplete Trephining
-Object, to facilitate Escape of Evil Spirit—Amulets from Tre-
phined Skulls-Rondelles found in Trephined Skulls-All French
Trephined Skulls belong to Neolithic Times-None known in
Britain-Extension to Medieval Times-Still in use in Algeria
and Polynesia-Algerian Mode resembles that of Ancient Peru
-Belief in Efficacy of Operation-Victor Horseley's Theory-
Dr. Robert Fletcher on Pre-historic Trephining.
ON TATTOOING.
CHAPTER XIV.
222
Tattooing very Ancient and almost Universal-In some
Places Men and in others Women only Tattooed-Two Distinct
Modes of Operation-I. By Cuts Cicatrized. II. By Pricks with
Colouring Matter rubbed in-Cicatrization in Australia and
Africa-Three Cuts on Cheek in West Africa-Same Mark on
Ancient Bronze Head in Italy-Cicatrization in Andaman and
Admiralty Islands and Timor Laut-Tattooing in New Zealand
-Among the Nagas of India-In Borneo-In New Guinea--
Among the Haidahs and Eskimo-Tattoo Marks on Chin of
Women-Denotes Marriage-Tribal Marks-On Shell Masks—
On Easter Island Statues-Implements of Tattooing-Tattooing
in Japan.
CHAPTER XV.
TRACES OF PRE-HISTORIC COMMERCE IN EUROPE
235
Importance of the Subject of Pre-historic Commerce-Cups
of Similar Pattern in Mycenæ, Corneto, and Cornwall-The
Golden Armour of Mold-Lunulæ in Ireland and in Corneto-
Buttons and Fibula-Were they Manufactured in Ireland, and
of Irish Gold ?—Identity of Various Articles in Ireland and
Etruria-Irish Legends-Firbolgs and Leather Bags of Miners--
Gold the Attraction to the Etruscans-Ingots of Gold in Irish
Bogs The Tumuli of New Grange and Dowth possibly Etruscan
-Vallancy's Reference to Etruscan Games-Mr. Walhouse on
Pre-historic Commerce with India-The Beryl-Barter—Jade
and Amber-Mr. Boyd-Dawkins on Etruscan and Phoenician
Trade Routes.
CHAPTER XVI.
PRIMITIVE INSTRUMENTS OF MUSIC.
I. THE DRUM.
249
Music Universal—Ancient Myth of Music of the Spheres-
Instruments of Percussion-The Drum-Wooden Harmonicons-
Wide Distribution-The Rock Band-Chinese Harmonicons-
The Drum in Religious Ceremonies-The Rattle-Drums and
Rattle combined-The Timbrel-Bells-Legends relating to