bear, the ox, the boar, the seal, fish, and snakes, are all 'depicted, as well as human figures, the latter always nude, although, in one case at least, adorned with necklaces and bracelets; yet it is certain from the needles found that they must have made and used clothing, probably of skins. 1 The great interest which attaches to these works of art, in addition to their merit, is the proof they afford that the animals whose bones are found together in caves, really co-existed with each other, and with man, but the animals depicted seem to be chiefly of the Arctic type, signifying that the period was glacial. We do not find the lion, the hippopotamus, the rhinoceros 1 represented, but the mammoth, the reindeer, the seal; and it certainly does not seem unreasonable to suppose that since all these have retreated to the far north, the men who represented them so truly might have followed their prey, and that their descendants may now be traced in the Eskimo, leading a similar life, using similar tools, and trapping the same game; although the reindeer race of paleolithic times do not appear to have domesticated the reindeer as the Eskimo of the present day do.2 It may be well here to give a list of the animals, according to M. Cartailhac, found in the caves of France, and now either extinct or migrated. 1 One representation of the rhinoceros has, I believe, been found. 2 It has, however, always struck me that the complicated lines to be seen in the group of reindeer from these caves, in the British Museum, may represent reins or harness. It is supposed that a great interval of time intervened between the men of the Drift, that is the earliest paleolithic race, and the hunters of the reindeer known as cave-men, because their relics are found chiefly in caves in which they seem to have lived, accumulating therein vast masses of débris, proving long occupation. Dr. John Evans, however, thinks they were probably of the same race and cotemporaneous; their range, however, and stage of culture, appears to have been very different. The River-drift men, says Mr. Boyd-Dawkins, wandered over the whole of Europe south of Norfolk, leaving traces behind in Spain, Italy, and Greece, and through Asia Minor and the whole of India. The cave-man is restricted to the area extending from the Alps and Pyrenees as far north as Derbyshire and Belgium, and has not as yet been found farther east than Poland and Styria.1 Mr. Dawkins believes the River-drift man to have existed in Europe for countless generations before the advent of the cave-man, and to have become extinct like many of the animals which co-existed with him. It is very singular, that the cave-men existing at so very early a period of the world's history, should have developed so much artistic skill as is shown in their 1 Early Man in Britain, p. 232. drawings, but it is also a very noteworthy fact that the same artistic skill is displayed not only by the Eskimo, supposed by Mr. Boyd-Dawkins to be their lineal descendants, but also by the Bushmen of South Africa, a race very low in the scale of humanity, but whose drawings and paintings will bear comparison with those of the cave-men and Eskimo. The late Sir Bartle Frere possessed a large collection of these Bushmen drawings, many of which were very remarkable, not only as works of art, but as historical records. In one of them these rude artists had depicted their own conquest by the Kaffirs, under the symbol of a black hand grasping a grasshopper. The Bushmen may be regarded as the cave-dwellers of Africa, and their weapons and mode of life seem to resemble that of the ancient Troglodytes, whilst their language is undoubtedly one of the most archaic known. It therefore seems to me neither impossible nor improbable that they also may eventually be recognized as akin to the cave-men of Europe, percolating slowly through Africa in pursuit of the retreating game, which after deserting Europe during the great Ice age, have become modified in course of long ages into the lion and elephant, rhinoceros and hippopotamus of modern times. Besides the Bushmen 1 there are numerous dwarf tribes or races in the interior, described by all travellers as differing widely in size, colour, and other particulars from the black races, and which, in the supposition I have ventured to make, may be regarded as various offshoots from the parent stock of paleolithic times, changed in the lapse of ages, for they seem to have no affinity with the Negro, the Kaffir, and the Arab, who at present divide the great African continent except where they have been displaced by Europeans. Some of the migrations of these latter races have taken place in 1 We must not omit to mention here the dwarfs described by Mr. Stanley as dwelling in the great forest, a race evidently akin to the Bushmen, and which seems traceable much farther south, being described by Mr. A. A. Anderson in his Twenty-five Years in a Waggon. what may be regarded as historical times, although the original home of the great Bantu or Kaffir race has not been defined. Returning to Europe, we find that when the great ice cap of the glacial period had disappeared, a new race, with new weapons, new modes of life, and more advanced in civilization, makes its appearance, ushering in the neolithic, or polished stone age. But with neolithic times there is a decided change not only in weapons, but in the type of skull of their users, which leads to the inference that a new route of migration had succeeded the old; that probably the connection with Africa had ceased, and that with Asia had commenced, or become more practicable. This is testified not only by the advent of a race with Mongoloid affinities, bearing with them weapons of better form and finish; but also by the fauna by which they were accompanied ; by the style of architecture which they seem to have introduced; by their mode of sepulture; and by their knowledge of pottery, and of cereal agriculture, for the cultivated cereals, wheat, barley, rye, seem to have been of Asiatic origin. It is not, however, necessary to suppose that all these advances in civilization were brought to Europe at the same time, for a way having once been opened, it is probable that a succession of migrations took place, and each may have added somewhat to the knowledge of its predecessors. This race or succession of races, perhaps, contributed what Professor Huxley has called the dark-white, or Melanochroic type, to the population of Europe; which type has by many ethnologists been found in the Basques of the present day. If these people introduced the fashion of lake-dwellings, which continued far into the Iron Age; and if, as seems also probable, they introduced the dolmen and the stone circles so widely distributed, they must have spread themselves by degrees, not only over Southern and Western Europe, but also along the north of Africa where these monuments are traced; and where Dr. Broca finds among the Berbers and other North African tribes, skulls resembling the Basques, whilst Mr. Hyde Clarke sees affinities of language. M. de Mortillet, by means of the domestic animals, the cereals, the curvilinear mode of ornamentation, as well as by the monuments introduced by these people, traces them to the Caucasus, Asia Minor, or Armenia. But the monuments and the pile-dwellings are found much farther to the east, and exist among the Hill Tribes of India, whilst pile-dwellings are found also in New Guinea and Central Africa. These extensions of similar customs do not, however, always imply racial connection, but only some relationship, perhaps commercial, for it is evident that commercial relations existed between distant lands in these remote times, to an extent we are slow to acknowledge, and a custom originating in one spot might thus spread north, south, east, and west, from this centre. A route once opened between Asia and Europe would be followed from time to time, not by one race or tribe only, but by any people endowed with the migratory instinct, or who might be driven from their native habitat by an invasion of stronger tribes; and this would account for the great variety of races traceable in the populations of Europe, most of which are supposed to have been of Asiatic origin. The migratory instincts of the human race are well shown by the comparatively recent wanderings from island to island in the South Seas, where the MalayoPolynesians have displaced and are still displacing the earlier Papuans or Melanesians, who, with less perfect means of navigation, had yet succeeded in peopling these isolated lands at a remote period. But even these were not apparently the primary inhabitants, since in many of these islands are found monuments which cannot be assigned to either of the present occupying races, but which seem to have been the work of a more civilized race, which has wholly disappeared. How they got there, and when, are matters of conjecture, although it would not seem difficult to prove that it was by this route that the civilization of Peru became approximated to that of the Old World, for a people capable of ranging from island to island across |