are the only means of polishing a people. The neighbouring nations were in a state of still greater rudeness than themselves, except the Peruvians, a connection with whom, from their ambition of dominion they would more studiously avoid than cherish. They learned, however, some things from them during the time that they were in possession of the northern provinces, at which period they had attained that middle point between the savage and civilized state, known by the name of barbarism. Notwithstanding these unfavourable circumstances, the variety of their occupations, which multiplied the objects of their attention, gradually enlarged the sphere of their ideas.

They had progressed so far in this respect, as to invent the numbers requisite to express any quantity, mari signifying with them ten, pataca a hundred and guaranca, a thousand. Even the Romans possessed no simple numerical terms of greater value, and indeed calculation may be carried to any extent by a combination of these principal decimals.

To preserve the memory of their transactions, they made use, as other nations have done, of the pron, called by the Peruvians quippo, which was a skein of thread of several colours with a number of knots. The subject treated of was indicated by the colours, and the knots designated the number or quantity. This is all that I have been able to discover of the use of such a register, in which some authors have pretended to find a substitute for the art of writing. This admirable art was unknown to the Chilians; for although the word chilcan, to write,

is met with in their language, it was originally nothing more than a synonym of guirin, which signifies to sketch or paint. Of their skill in this latter art, I am ignorant; but if we may form an opinion. from representations of men that are cut upon certain rocks, we must conclude that they were entirely ignorant of it, as nothing coarser or more disproportioned can be imagined.

Far different was the progress which they made in the sciences of physic and astronomy, it was indeed wonderful; but an account of these, of their religion, their music and military skill, I shall reserve till I treat of the Araucanians, who still continue the faithful depositories of all the science and ancient customs of the Chilians. Their language contains also words indicating a knowledge of several other arts, which I decline mentioning, as there are no guides of sufficient accuracy to conduct our researches into a subject so important, and at the same time so doubtful. The first Europeans who visited these countries, attracted by other objects of far less interest, thought little or nothing of those that merit the attention of every observing mind, on visiting an unknown people. From thence it has happened that their accounts, for the most part, furnish us only with vague and confused ideas, from whence we can draw nothing but conjectures. The Chilians, however, remained in much the same state of society as I have described, until an unexpected revolution compelled them, in a great measure, to adopt other customs and other laws.

CHAPTER V.

First Expedition of the Spaniards to Chili.

FRANCIS PIZARRO and Diego Almagro having put to death the Inca Atahualpa, had subjected the empire of Peru to the dominion of Spain. Pizarro, desirous of enjoying without a rival this important conquest, made at their mutual expense, persuaded his companion to undertake the reduction of Chili, celebrated for its riches throughout all those countries. Almagro, filled with sanguine expectations of booty, began his march for that territory in the end of the year 1535, with an army composed of 570 Spaniards and 15,000 Peruvians, under the command of Paullu, the brother of the Inca Manco, the nominal Emperor of Peru, who had succeeded the unfortunate Atahualpa.

Two roads lead from Peru to Chili; one is by the sea coast, and is destitute of water and provision; the other, for a distance of 120 miles, passes over the immense mountains of the Andes. This last Almagro took, for no other reason but because it was the shortest. His army, after having been exposed to infinite fatigue, and many conflicts with the adjoining savages, reached the Cordilleras just at the commencement of winter, destitute of provisions, and but ill supplied with clothing. In this season the snow falls almost continually, and completely covers

the few paths that are passable in summer. Notwithstanding, the soldiers, encouraged by their general, who had no idea of the danger of the passage, advanced with much toil to the top of those rugged heights. But, victims to the severity of the weather, 150 Spaniards there perished, with 10,000 Peruvians, who, being accustomed to the warmth of the torrid zone, were less able to endure the rigours of the frost.

The historians who have given an account of this unfortunate expedition concur in saying, that of all this army not one would have escaped with life, had not Almagro, resolutely pushing forward with a few. horse, sent them timely succours and provisions, which were found in abundance in Copiapo. Those of the most robust constitutions, who were able to resist the inclemency of the season, by this unexpected aid were enabled to extricate themselves from the snow, and at length reached the plains of that province, which is the first in Chili, where through respect for the Peruvians they were well received and entertained by the inhabitants.

The Inca Paullu, who was well acquainted with the object of the expedition, thought that nothing would contribute more to raise the spirits of his de-. jected friends, than by letting them know the importance of their conquest. With this intent, he obliged the peasants to deliver up to him all the gold. in their possession, and having by this means collected 500,000 ducats, he presented them to Almagro. The Spaniard was so highly pleased, that he distributed the whole among his soldiers, to whom he also

remitted the debts they owed him for the immense sums of money that he had advanced for the preparation of the enterprize. Being persuaded that in a short time he should have all the gold of the country at his disposal, he sought by this display of liberality to maintain the reputation of being generous, which he had acquired in Peru by his profuse lavishment of the treasures of its sovereigns.

While Almagro remained in Copiapo, he discovered that the reigning Ulmen had usurped the government in prejudice of his nephew and ward, who, through fear of his uncle, had fled to the woods. Pretending to be irritated at this act of injustice, he caused the guilty chief to be arrested, and calling before him the lawful heir, reinstated him in the government with the universal applause of his subjects, who attributed this conduct entirely to motives of justice, and a wish to redress the injured.

The Spaniards, having recovered from their fatigues through the hospitable assistance of the Copiapins, and reinforced by a number of recruits whom Rodrigo Organez had brought from Peru, commenced their march for the southern provinces, filled with the most flattering hopes, increased by the beautiful appearance of the country, and the numerous villages that appeared upon all sides. The natives crouded round them on their march, as well to examine them nearer, as to present them with such things as they thought would prove agreeable to a people, who appeared to them of a character far superior to that of other men.