barians, as the Turks may still, with too much propriety, be called ; and whom, it appears, no political arrangements can keep in any respectable order. Both the officers and the men, with their wives and families, live as the exclusive inhabitants upon the soil, along a belt of country belonging to the public, which fringes the frontier. The soldiers are drilled eight days in every month; and in spring are exercised in companies for three weeks. In autumn, they are assembled in battalions and exercised for four weeks. During peace, these frontier regiments are never moved from the soil, on which, as I have said, they reside and cultivate, and of which, in short, they form the proprietary peasantry.

In peace, the numbers of these troops actually kept on foot and paid, are no more than sufficient to preserve the peace, and to act as a cordon sanitaire along the frontier. These men are relieved every fortnight; and those not on guard, as it were, live at home with their families, not far off. These families live in groups together, and the oldest has the supreme authority. The whole style of life, indeed, of this singular military establishment is quite patriarchal. The men who have passed the age of service relapse into permanent cultivators of the soil, and their places in the regiments are supplied by the rising generation on the spot. Schools are extensively established amongst these people, who, in manners and habits generally, in intelligence, and good conduct, are described as greatly excelling those of any other district of the empire.

The most distinguished of these frontier troops are the Szeklers of Transylvania, a primitive race of the Magayares. The Croalian regiments of the frontier, who, at the peace of 1809, passed under the French authority along with their province, accompanied Buonaparte to Russia in 1812, and were much distinguished in that severe campaign. In 1814, when their country became again part of the Austrian empire, these faithful troops returned to the frontier, having gained much experience; but it is said, without having lost any of the simplicity of their original character. The frontier regiments are much reckoned upon in war, as the men never desert, and are sincerely attached to their country. Their constant active service on the frontier, even in peace, keeps them in such full practice, that they are ready to take the field efficiently at a moment's warning.

In war, two battalions from each regiment are required to take the field, if necessary; and these available battalions are always formed of the most active and efficient men, between the ages of 20 and 40, in the regiments respectively. These soldiers are generally esteemed the best in the whole army: they are, comparatively speaking, well-educated men, and have always been distinguished for good conduct throughout the various campaigns in which they have been employed, as well as for bravery in the field of battle.

The frontier regiments have no militia battalions belonging to them; nor do they furnish any grenadier companies, as all the rest of the army do, with the exception of the Hungarian and Italian portions.

Of the 17 regiments of the frontier, 12 have three field battalions of six companies each. One has four battalions, three of which have six companies, and one has four. While the remaining four regiments have two battalions of six companies each.

As it may interest military men to know the exact stations of these singular troops, I shall mention the regiments, not in the order in which they stand in the Army List, but as they are stationed along the frontier.

The staff of the 1st Regiment is quartered at Gospich, situated towards the southern extremity of Croatia, where it touches Dalmatia. That of the 2nd Regiment at Ottochacz, which you will see higher up the map. The 3rd Regiment at Ogulin; the 4th at Carlstadt; 10th at Glina; 11th at Petrinia; 5th and 6th at Bellowár; 8th at Neu-Gradisca; 7th at Winkoweze; 9th at Mitrovitz; 12th at Pancsowa; 13th at Caransebes; 16th at Orlath; 15th at Kezdy-Vásárhely; 14th at Czik-Szereda; 17th at Naszod.

I have not been able to ascertain exactly the numbers forming these frontier forces at this moment. It will be seen, however, by Table IV., that in time of war, upwards of forty thousand men are reckoned upon as disposable from this source.

(f) 6 Garrison battalions of six companies each.

Before proceeding to the cavalry, artillery, and other branches of the Army, it may be as well to say a few words respecting the structure of the infantry corps. By the Austrian Army List, of which I send you the copy just published for 1835, you will observe, that the regiments are numbered as high as 63, although, as I have mentioned, there are only 58 regiments of the Line*. This arises from the 46th, 50th, and 55th, being reduced after the war of 1809; and Numbers 5 and 6 being formed into four garrison battalions, in 1807.

Besides the regular field battalions of the infantry of the Line, stated above, each regiment has attached to it what is called a Landwehr or militia battalion. This, however, does not apply to the Italian and Hungarian regiments, of which there are 23, numbered as follows, viz.:

Eight Italian-13, 16, 23, 26, 38, 43, 44, 45.

Fifteen Hungarian-2, 19, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, 39, 48, 51, 52, 53, 60, 61, 62.

In war always, and in peace, in times of emergency or political alarm, a second Landwehr or militia battalion is raised; and, likewise, an extra division, consisting of two companies. These militia corps have the same proportion of officers and men as the regular forces.

I shall now proceed to state, generally, what constitutes the strength

We have not yet received this Army List which is alluded to by Captain Hall. When it reaches us, we shall, perhaps, find occasion to make some extracts from it, or draw inferences useful to our military readers. We take it for granted that copies of all the foreign Army Lists are to be found at the Horse Guards, WarOffice, Sandhurst, and, in short, wherever military affairs are practically considered, -EDITOR.

of these corps; but I must refer you to the accompanying Tables for the precise numbers forming each separate corps in the Austrian Army, both on the peace and on the war establishment.

Each Austrian regiment of the Line (infantry) consists of three regular field battalions, of six companies each, and one or more Landwehr or militia battalions.

When complete, each company consists of about 200 men; so that in 18 companies there are

Add to which, 360 officers and non-commissioned officers, as I shall specify more particularly afterwards.

The depot division of the regiment

1st Battalion of Landwehr or militia, which is considered a movable corps

2nd Battalion of ditto, fixed

3600

360

238

1076

478

Total numbers of an Austrian regiment of infantry of the
Line, in war

5752

The Hungarian regiments, however, seldom exceed 4000 men, as they have not militia battalions considered as part of their effective strength.

The regiments of the frontier amount to about
The Italian regiments of infantry of the Line, which have
no militia battalions, consist of about

Men.

2634

4000

The grenadier regiments, of six companies, amount each to
The grenadier regiments, of four companies, to
The Tyrolese regiments of chasseurs

1300

874

5480

The other chasseur regiments

1549

The garrison battalions, about

314

The pontooners or boatmen of the Danube, called Csaikistes 582 The details of the numbers of officers and men in the above corps, as well as in the regiments of cavalry, artillery, and other branches of the Army, will be found in the Tables.

The colonel commands the whole regiment; and circumstances regulate his residence with one or the other battalion.

The lieutenant-colonel commands the first battalion, and has no major under him.

The senior major commands the second battalion, and so on.

Colonels and officers of rank above him hold a commission or patent, signed by the Emperor. Lieutenant-colonels, majors, and the officers of the etat-major, have a rescript or warrant, signed by the President of the Aulic Council of War. All other officers hold merely an official order, signed by the Colonel of their regiment.

To each battalion, consisting of six companies, there are the following officers and non-commissioned officers. (In a battalion of four companies the numbers are proportionally less.) 6 captains; 6 firstlieutenants; 6 lieutenants; 6 ensigns; 1 battalion's adjutant, who is not taken from the companies, as with us, but a separate officer; so that for the three battalions, there are 75 officers. But to these must be added-1 adjutant of the regiment; 1 auditor; 1 paymaster; 1 chaplain; and 1 surgeon; making in all 80 officers for each regiment, not counting the field-officers. The auditor's duties are, in many respects, similar to those of our judge-advocate. He not only attends, however, to

the details of courts-martial, but looks after every kind of judicial business in which the officers or men of his regiment may be interested. In cases of wills, for example, or other pecuniary transactions on which they may be engaged in law-suits.

To each company there are-2 serjeants; 1 colour-serjeant; 12 corporals; 12 gefreiters, who have no specific place in the company, as the serjeants and corporals have; nor do they wear any different dress from that of the privates. But they have higher pay, and exercise an authority similar to that of our lance-corporals.

In each company there are either 160, 180, or 200 privates; the numbers being dependent on the state of peace or of war, and other circumstances. This includes 4 officers' servants, 2 drummers, 2 pioneers, the band, and all the artificers employed by the battalion.

In the Landwehr or militia battalions, there is the same proportion of officers and men, as in the regular Line.

With the exception of the regiments of the frontier, every regiment, both infantry and cavalry, has over it a general officer, who is called the Proprietor, (in German-Inhaber,) who does not live with the regiment, either in peace or war, but who may take the active command, though this is very unusual. He may, however, and frequently does, interfere with the general discipline of the regiment.

He has the power of nominating officers of all ranks under that of major; but this power, which, at one time, was almost entirely uncontrolled, has of late years been much restricted, and otherwise regulated, by the Aulic Council of War. Formerly, for example, when a vacancy occurred, the Proprietor, instead of nominating the next in rank, (which the regulations of the service require,) often introduced another officer from another regiment, whose rank might be much lower than that of the officer next in turn; and, in spite of the regulations, this is still done occasionally but as the power was said to have been lately much abused, the Aulic Council now require more nominations to be made in the regiments than formerly.

Occasionally, foreign monarchs and foreign officers of distinction are named as Proprietors of regiments; in which case, however, a second Proprietor is also named, who is, to all intents and purposes, the efficient Proprietor: the other being merely an honorary, or almost honorary appointment. For instance, in 1818, the Duke of Wellington was nominated Inhaber or Proprietor of the 42nd Regiment of Infantry, of which General Mesemacre is the second or real Proprietor. I have not heard that the Duke ever interfered, except once, when, as I understand, his Grace applied to General Mesemacre to assist in the advancement of a young Englishman.

The only commissions allowed by the regulations of the Army to be purchased, are those of ensign in the infantry, and lieutenant of the cavalry; 2000 florins, or about 200l., for the ensigncy, and 3000 florins, or 300l., for the lieutenancy of cavalry. But in spite of a great number of ordonnances to the contrary, commissions of all ranks are, in fact, bought and sold by underhand means,-by means of arrangements made with the sanction of the Colonels and Proprietors of regiments, between the officer wishing to purchase, and the officer who, for a consideration, is willing to go "on pension," and make way for the other who, it has been arranged by the higher regimental authoritie shall take his place. The late Emperor, it is said, took a good deal o

pains to prevent these traffickings, as they are called; but it has been found impossible to prevent the influence of money and court favour from rendering the established regulations almost nugatory.

In speaking of the Duke of Wellington's regiment, I ought to have mentioned, that, like our own 42nd, it is one of the most distinguished in the army; and, in consequence of its pre-eminent services in the field, is the only regiment of the Line which has the privilege of beating the "Grenadiers' March."

CAVALRY.

In each regiment of heavy cavalry, consisting of six squadrons, there is-1 colonel, 1 lieutenant-colonel, 1 major.

In a regiment of light cavalry, consisting of eight squadrons-1 colonel, 1 lieutenant-colonel, 2 majors.

Two squadrons form a division; that of the colonel is in the centre, and is under the immediate command of the senior captain. The divisions to the right and left are commanded respectively by the lieutenantcolonel and the major.

In the light cavalry, where there are four divisions, that of the second major is on the left of that of the first major.

In a squadron of heavy cavalry, there are-1 captain, 1 second captain, 1 captain-lieutenant, 2 first and 2 second lieutenants, 2 serjeants, 1 standard bearer, and 12 corporals, making in the regiment, 90 non-commissioned officers. In a regiment of light cavalry, which consists of eight squadrons, there are 150 non-commissioned officers. Each squadron has 1 first captain, 1 second captain, 2 lieutenants, and 2 second lieutenants. There is 1 adjutant to the regiment, 1 auditor, 1 paymaster or "officer of accounts," 1 regimental surgeon, 1 priest, (and if there be Protestants in the regiment) 1 clergyman of the Reformed Church.

FIELD-ARTILLERY.

There are five regiments of Artillery, consisting, in peace, of 18 companies, and in war of 20, with numbers varying from 180 to 200 men, which is the full war complement of privates. The Artillery regiments are not divided into battalions. One company supplies men sufficient to work three batteries,-namely, two of what are called foot batteries, and one which is called a mounted battery. The difference between a foot and a mounted battery is, that in the one case the artillery-men accompany the guns on foot, whereas in the other they are seated on a frame-work attached to the cannon.

A subaltern officer may command one battery, a captain two, and a field-officer several batteries. A battery consists of four guns and two howitzers. The fortifications throughout the Austrian empire are, for the most part, supplied with what are called half-invalids, who are men taken from the Field-Artillery, but who, from age or weakness, are not equal to the fatigues of active service.

The whole Artillery, including the Regulars, the Bombardiers, the Garrison Artillery, and the corps of workmen, consists, in peace, of between 17,000 and 18,000 men, and in war amounts to more than 30,000.

THE ENGINEERS.

This corps consist entirely of officers, with the exception of a few cadets. They are dispersed thoughout the army as their services are