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Supplément to D'Herbelot. 1785. WILLIAMS'S Middle Kingdom. 3rd. Ed. New York and London, 1857. WITSEN. Noord en Oost Tartaryen. 2nd Ed. Amsterdam, 1785. APPENDIX K.-Values of certain Moneys, Weights, and FRENCH MONEY. The Livre Tournois of the period may be taken, on the mean of five valuations cited in a footnote at p. 87 of vol. i., as equal in modern silver value to Say English money 18:04 francs. 145. 3 8d. 22'55 francs. The Livre Parisis was worth one-fourth more than the Tournois, and therefore equivalent in silver value to * Say English money. (Gold being then to silver in relative value about 12: 1 instead of about 15: 1 as now, one-fourth has to be added to the values based on silver in equations with the gold coin of the period, and one-fifth to be deducted in values based on gold value. By oversight, in vol. i. p. 87, I took 16: I as the present gold value, and so exaggerated the value of the livre Tournois as compared with gold.) M. Natalis de Wailly, in his recent fine edition of Joinville, determines the valuation of these livres, in the reign of St. Lewis, by taking a mean between a value calculated on the present value of silver, and a value calculated on the present value of gold,† and his result is : Though there is something arbitrary in this mode of valuation, it is, perhaps, on the whole the best; and its result is extremely handy for the memory (as somebody has pointed out) for we thus have * See (Dupré de St. Maur) Essai sur les Monnoies, &c. Paris, 1746, p. xv; and Douet d'Arcg, PP. 5, 15, &c. He takes the silver value of the gros Tournois (the sol of the system) at o'8924 fr., whence the Livre=17849 fr. And the gold value of the golden Agnel, which passed for 124 sols Tournois, is 141743 fr. Whence the Livre=22'6789 fr. Mean=20*2639 fr. VENETIAN MONEY. The Mark of Silver all over Europe may be taken fairly at 27. 4s. of our monev in modern value; the Venetian mark being a fraction more, and the marks of England, Germany and France fractions less.* The Venice Gold Ducat or Zecchin, first coined in accordance with a Law of 31st October 1283, was, in our gold value, worth. 11.82 francs.† 95. 4 284d. The Zecchin when first coined was fixed as equivalent to 18 grossi, and on this calculation the Grosso should be a little less than 5d. sterling. But from what follows it looks as if there must have been another grosso, perhaps only of account, which was only of the former, therefore equivalent to 3d. only. This would be a clue to difficulties which I do not find dealt with by anybody in a precise or thorough manner; but I can find no evidence for it. Accounts were kept at Venice not in ducats and grossi, but in Lire, of which there were several denominations, viz. : 1. Lira dei Grossi, called in Latin Documents Libra denariorum Venetorum grosorum.§ Like every Lira or Pound, this consisted of 20 soldi, and each soldo of 12 denari or deniers.|| In this case the Lira was equivalent to 10 golden ducats; and its Denier, as the name implies, was the Grosso. The Grosso therefore here was of 10 ducats or of a ducat, instead of 1. 2. Lira ai Grossi (L. den. Ven. ad grossos). This by decree of 2nd June, 1285, went two to the ducat. In fact it is the soldo of the preceding Lira, and as such the Grosso was, as we have just seen, its denier; which is perhaps the reason of the name. 3. Lira dei Piccoli (L. den. Ven. parvulorum). The ducat is alleged to have been at first equal to three of these Lire (Romanin, I. 321); but the calculations of Marino Sanudo (1300-1320) in the Secreta Fidelium Crucis show that he reckons the Ducat equivalent to 3'2 lire of piccoli. T In estimating these Lire in modern English money, on the basis of their relation to the ducat, we must reduce the apparent value by . We then have : 1. Lira dei Grossi equivalent to nearly 37. 15s. od. (therefore exceeding The Mark was of a pound. The English Pound Sterling of the period was in silver value=34. 55. 2d. Hence the Mark=27. 38. 5'44d. The Cologne Mark, according to Pegolotti, was the same, and the Venice Mark of silver was 1 English Tower Mark + 34 sterlings (ie. pence of the period), therefore to 27. 48. 4'84d. The French Mark of Silver, according to Dupré de St. Maur, was about 3 Livres, presumably Tournois, and therefore 27. 25. 11d. Cibrario, Pol. Ec. del Med. Evo. III. 228. The Gold Florin of Florence was worth a fraction more=9s. 4 85d. Sign. Desimoni, of Genoa, obligingly points out that the changed relation of Gold ducat and silver grosso was due to a general rise in price of gold between 1284 and 1302, shown by notices of other Italian mints which raise the equation of the gold florin in the same ratio, viz. from 9 sols tournois to 12. For of the florin will be 6'23d., and deducting }, as pointed out above, we have 4'99d. as the value of the grosso. I have a note that the grosso contained 42 Venice grains of pure silver. If the Venice grain be the same as the old Milan grain ('051 grammes) this will give exactly the same value of 5d. § Also called, according to Romanin, Lira d'imprestidi. See Introd. Essay in vol. i. p. 66. It is not too universally known to be worth noting that our . s. d represents Livres, sois, deniers. He also states the grosso to have been worth 32 piccoli, which is consistent with this and the two preceding statements. For at 3'2 lire to the ducat the latter would = 768 piccoli, and of this 32 piccoli. Pegolotti also assigns 24 grossi to the ducat (p. 151). The tendency of these Lire, as of pounds generally, was to degenerate in value. In Uzzano (1440) e find the Ducat equivalent to 100 soldi, i.e. to 5 lire. Everybody seems to be tickled at the notion that the Scotch Pound or Livre was only 20 Pence. Nobody finds it funny that the French or Italian Pound is only 20 halfpence, or less! by nearly 10s. the value of the Pound sterling of the period, or Lira di Sterlini, as it was called in the appropriate Italian phrase).` The Tornese or Tornesel at Venice was, according to Romanin (III. 343) = 4 Venice deniers: and if these are the deniers of the Lira ai Grossi, the coin would be worth a little less than d., and nearly the equivalent of the denier Tournois, from which it took its name.† The term Bezant is used by Polo always (I believe) as it is by Joinville, by Marino Sanudo, and by Pegolotti, for the Egyptian gold dínár, the intrinsic value of which varied somewhat, but can scarcely be taken at less than 10s. 6d. or 115. (See Cathay, pp. 440-441 ; and see also J. As. sér. VI. tom. xi. pp. 506-507.) The exchange of Venice money for the Bezant or Dinar in the Levant varied a good deal (as is shown by examples in the passage in Cathay just cited), but is always in these examples a large fraction (up to 1) more than the Zecchin. Hence, when Joinville gives the equation of St. Lewis's ransom as 1,000,000 bezants or 500,000 livres, I should have supposed these to be livres Parisis rather than Tournois, as M. de Wailly prefers. There were a variety of coins of lower value in the Levant called Bezants,‡ but these do not occur in our Book. The Venice Saggio, a weight for precious substances was of an ounce, corresponding to the weight of the Roman gold solidus, from which was originally derived the Arab Miskál. And Polo appears to use saggio habitually as the equivalent of Miskál. His pois or peso, applied to gold and silver, seems to have the same sense, and is indeed a literal translation of Miskál. (See vol. ii. p. 41.) For measures Polo uses the palm rather than the foot. IO. I do not find a value of inches to something over Uzzano in Della Decima, IV. 124. According to Galliccioli (II. 53) piccoli (probably in the vague sense of small copper coin) were called in the Levant τορνέσια. Thus in the document containing the autograph of King Hayton, presented at p. 13 of Introductory Essay, the King gives with his daughter, "Damoiselle Femie," a dowry of 25,000 besans sarrazinas, and in payment 4 of his own bezants staurats (presumably so called from bearing a cress) are to count as one Saracen Bezant. (Cod. Diplomat, del S. Mil. Ord. Gerosolim. I. 134.) M. le Comte Riant (Itin. à Jérusalem, p. xxix.) from various data thinks the two sojourns of the Polos at Acre must have been between the 9th May, 1271, date of the arrival of Edward of England and of Tedaldo Visconti, and the 18th November, 1271, time of the departure of Tedaldo. Tedaldo was still in Paris on the 28th December, 1269, and he appears to have left for the Holy Land after the departure of S. Lewis for Tunis (2nd July, 1270).—H. C. In Kalhaṇa's Rājatarangiņī, A Chronicle of the Kings of Kásmir translated by M. A. Stein, we read (Bk. IV. 94, p. 128): "Again the Brahman's wife addressed him: O king, as he is famous for his knowledge of charms (Khārkhodavidyā), he can get over an ordeal with ease.'" Dr. Stein adds the following note: "The practice of witchcraft and the belief in its efficiency have prevailed in Kásmir from early times, and have survived to some extent to the present day; comp. Bühler, Report, p. 24. The term Kharkhoda, in the sense of a kind of deadly charm or witchcraft, recurs in v. 239, and is found also in the Vijayésvaramāh (Adipur.), xi. 25. In the form Khārkota it is quoted by the N. P. W. from Caraka, vi. 23. Kharkhota appears as the designation of a sorcerer or another kind of uncanny persons in Haracar., ii. 125, along with Kṛtyās and Vetālas. . . . ." ... 3.-PAONANO PAO. (Vol. i. p. 173.) In his paper on Zoroastrian Deities on Indo-Scythians' Coins (Babylonian and Oriental Record, August, 1887, pp. 155-166; rep. in the Indian Antiquary, 1888), Dr. M. A. Stein has demonstrated that the legend PAONANO PAO on the coins of the Yue-Chi or Indo-Scythian Kings (Kanishka, Huvishka, Vasudeva), is the exact transcription of the old Iranian title Shāhanān Shāh (Persian Shāhan-shāh), "King of Kings"; the letter P, formerly read as P(r), has since been generally recognised, in accordance with his interpretation as a distinct character expressing the sound sh. 4.-PAMIR. (Vol. i. pp. 174-175.) I was very pleased to find that my itinerary agrees with that of Dr. M. A. Stein; this learned traveller sends me the following remarks: "The remark about the VOL. II. 2 P |