MERVEILLES LE L'INDE Livre des Merveilles de Inde... Texte arite for P. A. Van der L. Trad. française par L. Marcel Devic. Le de. 1883-1886, 415.

MICHEL See Francisque-Michel.

MID. KIND. See Wilms.

MOORCROFT and Trebeck's Trade; edited by Prof. H. H. Wilson, 1841. MCSHEIM. Historia Tartarorum Ecclesiastica. Helmstadi, 1741.

MUNTANER, in buchon, q. v.

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N. & Q. Notes and Queries.

N. & Q. C. & J. Notes and Queries for China and Japın.

NELSON, J. H. The Madura Country, a Manual. Madras, 1868.
NEUMANN, C. F. His Notes at end of Bürck's German ed. of Polo.
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P. DELLA V. See Della Valle.

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Diary of a Journey through Mongolia and Tibet in 1891 and 1892. Washington, 1894, 8vo.

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SYKES, MAJOR PERCY MOLESWORTH. Ten Thousand Miles in Persia, or Eight Years in Irán. London, 1902, 8vo.

Chap. xxiii.

597.)

Marco Polo's Travels in Persia.

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VARTHEMA'S Travels. By Jones and Badger. Hak. Soc., 1863.

VIGNE, G. T. Travels in Kashmir, &c. London, 1842.

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WITSEN. Noord en Oost Tartaryen. 2nd Ed. Amsterdam, 1785.

APPENDIX K.-Values of certain Moneys, Weights, and
Measures, occurring in this Book.

FRENCH MONEY.

The Livre Tournois of the period may be taken, on the mean of five valuations cited in a footnote at p. 87 of vol. i., as equal in modern silver value to

Say English money

18.04 francs.

· 22'55 francs.

The Livre Parisis was worth one-fourth more than the Tournois, and therefore equivalent in silver value to

Say English money.

17s. 10 8d.

(Gold being then to silver in relative value about 12: 1 instead of about 15: 1 as now, one-fourth has to be added to the values based on silver in equations with the gold coin of the period, and one-fifth to be deducted in values based on gold value. By oversight, in vol. i. p. 87, I took 16: 1 as the present gold value, and so exaggerated the value of the livre Tournois as compared with gold.) M. Natalis de Wailly, in his recent fine edition of Joinville, determines the valuation of these livres, in the reign of St. Lewis, by taking a mean between a value calculated on the present value of silver, and a value calculated on the present value of gold,† and his result is :

Though there is something arbitrary in this mode of valuation, it is, perhaps, on the whole the best; and its result is extremely handy for the memory (as somebody has pointed out) for we thus have

* See (Dupré de St. Maur) Essai sur les Monnoies, &c. Paris, 1746, p. xv; and Douet d'Arcq, pp. 5, 15, &c.

He takes the silver value of the gros Tournois (the sol of the system) at o'8924 fr., whence the Livre=17849 fr. And the gold value of the golden Agnel, which passed for 12 sols Tournois, is 14'1743 fr. Whence the Livre=22'6789 fr. Mean=20'2639 fr.

VENETIAN MONEY.

The Mark of Silver all over Europe may be taken fairly at 27. 45. of our monev in modern value; the Venetian mark being a fraction more, and the marks of England, Germany and France fractions less.*

The Venice Gold Ducat or Zecchin, first coined in accordance with a Law of 31st October 1283, was, in our gold value, worth.

11.82 francs.† 95. 4'284d.

The Zecchin when first coined was fixed as equivalent to 18 grossi, and on this calculation the Grosso should be a little less than 5d. sterling. But from what follows it looks as if there must have been another grosso, perhaps only of account, which was only of the former, therefore equivalent to 3d. only. This would be a clue to difficulties which I do not find dealt with by anybody in a precise or thorough manner; but I can find no evidence for it.

Accounts were kept at Venice not in ducats and grossi, but in Lire, of which there were several denominations, viz. :

1. Lira dei Grossi, called in Latin Documents Libra denariorum Venetorum grosorum.§ Like every Lira or Pound, this consisted of 20 soldi, and each soldo of 12 denari or deniers.|| In this case the Lira was equivalent to 10 golden ducats; and its Denier, as the name implies, was the Grosso. The Grosso therefore here was of 10 ducats or of a ducat, instead of 1.

2. Lira ai Grossi (L. den. Ven. ad grossos). This by decree of 2nd June, 1285, went two to the ducat. In fact it is the soldo of the preceding Lira, and as such the Grosso was, as we have just seen, its denier; which is perhaps the reason of the name.

3. Lira dei Piccoli (L. den. Ven. parvulorum). The ducat is alleged to have been at first equal to three of these Lire (Romanin, I. 321); but the calculations of Marino Sanudo (1300-1320) in the Secreta Fidelium Crucis show that he reckons the Ducat equivalent to 3'2 lire of piccoli.¶ In estimating these Lire in modern English money, on the basis of their relation to the ducat, we must reduce the apparent value by . We then have :

1. Lira dei Grossi equivalent to nearly 37. 155. od. (therefore exceeding

The Mark was of a pound. The English Pound Sterling of the period was in silver value=3. 55. 2d. Hence the Mark=2/. 35. 5'44d. The Cologne Mark, according to Pegolotti, was the same, and the Venice Mark of silver was-1 English Tower Mark + 3 sterlings (ie. pence of the period), therefore to 2l. 45. 484d. The French Mark of Silver, according to Dupré de St. Maur, was about 3 Livres, presumably Tournois, and therefore 27. 25. 11d.

+ Cibrario, Pol. Ec. del Med. Evo. III. 228. The Gold Florin of Florence was worth a fraction more=9s. 4'85d.

Sign. Desimoni, of Genoa, obligingly points out that the changed relation of Gold ducat and silver grosso was due to a general rise in price of gold between 1284 and 1302, shown by notices of other Italian mints which raise the equation of the gold florin in the same ratio, viz. from 9 sols tournois to 12.

For of the florin will be 6'23d., and deducting t, as pointed out above, we have 4'99d, as the value of the grosso.

I have a note that the grosso contained 42 Venice grains of pure silver. If the Venice grain be the same as the old Milan grain ('051 grammes) this will give exactly the same value of 5d.

§ Also called, according to Romanin, Lira d'imprestidi. See Introd. Essay in vol. i. p. 66.

It is not too universally known to be worth noting that our £. s. d represents Livres, sois,

deniers.

He also states the grosso to have been worth 32 piccoli, which is consistent with this and the two preceding statements. For at 3'2 live to the ducat the latter would = 768 piccoli, and of this= 32 piccoli. Pegolotti also assigns 24 grossi to the ducat (p. 151).

The tendency of these Lire, as of pounds generally, was to degenerate in value. In Uzzano (1440) e find the Ducat equivalent to 100 soldi, i.e. to 5 lire.

Everybody seems to be tickled at the notion that the Scotch Pound or Livre was only 20 Pence. Nobody finds it funny that the French or Italian Pound is only 20 halfpence, or less!

47. BIANCONI, Prof. GIUSEPPE. Degli Scritti di Marco Polo e dell Uccello Rvc da lui menzionato. 2 parts large 8vo. Bologna, 1862 and 1868, pp. 64, 40.

A meritorious essay, containing good remarks on the comparison of different Texts.

48. KINGSLEY, HENRY. Tales of Old Travel renarrated. London, 1869. This begins with Marco Polo. The work has gone through several editions, but I do not know whether the author has corrected some rather eccentric geography and history that were presented in the first. Mr. Kingsley is the author of another story about Marco Polo in a Magazine, but I cannot recover the reference.

49. NOTES AND QUERIES for CHINA AND JAPAN. This was published from January, 1867, to November, 1870, at Hong-Kong under able editorship, and contained some valuable notes connected with Marco Polo's chapters on China.

50. GHIKA, Princess ELENA (Dora d'Istria). Marco Polo, Il Cristoforo Colombo dell' Asia. Trieste, 1869, 8vo, pp. 39.

51. BUFFA, Prof. GASPARE. Marco Polo, Orazione commemorativa, Letta nel R. Liceo Cristoforo Colombo il 24 marzo 1872. Genova, 8vo, pp. 18.

52. EDINBURGH REVIEW, January, 1872, pp. 1-36. A review of the first edition of the present work, acknowledged by SIR HENRY RAWLINSON, and full of Oriental knowledge. (See also No. 19 supra.)

53. OCEAN HIGHWAYS, for December, 1872, p. 285. An interesting letter on Marco Polo's notices of Persia, by Major OLIVER ST. JOHN, R.E. 54. RICHTHOFEN, Baron F. VON. Das Land und die Stadt Caindu von Marco Polo, a valuable paper in the Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin. No. 1 of 1874, p. 33.

55. BUSHELL, Dr. S. W., Physician to H.M.'s Legation at Peking. Notes of a Journey outside the Great Wall of China, embracing an account of the first modern visit to the site of Kúblái's Palace at Shang-tu. Appeared in J. R. G. S. vol. xliv. An abstract was published in the Proc. R. G. S. xviii., 1874, pp. 149-168.

56. PHILLIPS, GEORGE, of H.M.'s Consular Service in China.-Marco Polo and Ibn Batuta in Fookien (Chinese Recorder, III., 1870-1871, pp. 12, 44, 71, 87, 125); Notices of Southern Mangi, with Remarks by COLONEL HENRY YULE, C.B. (from the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society); Notices of Southern Mangi [Abridgment] (Proc. R. Geog. Soc., XVIII., 1873-1874, pp. 168-173); Zaitun Researches (Chin. Rec., V. pp. 327-339; VI. 31-42; VII. pp. 330-338, 404-418; VIII. 117-124); Changchow, the Capital of Fuhkien in Mongol Times, read before the Society, 19th November, 1888 Jour. C. B. R. A. S., XXIII. N.S., n° 1, 1888, pp. 23-30); The Identity of Marco Polo's Zaitun with Chang-chau, with a sketchmap of Marco-Polo's route (Toung Pao, I., Oct. 1890, pp. 218-238); Two Mediaval Fuh-kien Trading Ports, Chian-chow and Chang