the symbol of a Chakravartti, or ruler of universal dominion. It is probable that this common emblem is still preserved in the sun of the Ujjain and Indor coins of the present day. There is the appearance of a letter in front of the face, but it is ill-defined. On the opposite side, however, the two large letters under the wheel are, most distinctly, tora, the meaning of which remains a mystery. They are not in the same alphabet as that of the preceding coins, but of the more ancient lát character, which accords, so far, with the comparative superiority of the engraving.

(pl. xxxiv.)

Figs. 1, 2, 3, from Stacy's drawings, and 4, 5, from Swiney's coins, are closely allied to the series just described; the Indian bull only being brought on the reverse, generally with the retention of the chakra under his feet or on his haunches. The name in front of the rája's face in figs. 3 and 4 contains several recognisable letters; on fig. 5 they are still more distinct,. It may possibly be intended for Srí mahárájá, leaving us still in the dark for a name. [श्री महारकुस ? ]

On the reverse of fig. 4, under the bull, are the letters fau vijaya vag... a form that will be found more developed in another branch of this curious series below. [ जयनुवष or वृष ? ]

In the next variety, figs. 7 and 8, of which Swiney boasts the largest supply, the Sassanian head is no longer retained, but the chakra remains, coupled with a kind of cross, which may be read as the syllable ku of the old alphabet. The bull of the reverse is now accompanied by an attendant, exactly in the fashion of the inferior Kadphises or OKPO group of the Mithraic coins.

In the succeeding variety, figs. 9 and 10 (Swiney), the chakra gives place to the trident (of Siva?) and the bull takes an attitude of repose à la Nandi. The letters Vidi sagu or Vedesagu are bounded by the marginal dots, and must therefore be complete, however unintelligible. Were there room for a final we might conjecturally read fay Videṣagupta, cherished by foreigners;' विदेशगुप्त which would tally with the notion of a Parthian interloper.

In fig. 11 (which I also engraved in the Kadphises pl. [viii. 8] of vol. iii.) the trident has the letters ą tri, as if for trisula.

In figs. 12 and 13 the symbol is more like the original fire-altar : to the former are adjoined the letters name of Siva.

or perhaps

Rudra, a

In figs. 14 and 15 (Stacy), and 16 (Swiney), the standing figure has quitted the bull to take the chief post on the obverse-the marginal inscription of 14 commences with and the last letter is .

In figs. 17 and 18 (Swiney), the bull is again replaced by the chakra, with two Sanskrit letters or -sense unknown.

And now we advance, or perhaps it would be more correct to say retrogade, to a much more satisfactory group, forming, as it were, a link between these Indo-Sassanians, and what have been called the Buddhist coins.

The specimens of this series, christened the 'cock and bull' by Stacy, and first made known by him, were deficient in preservation; but Mr. Tregear, of Jaunpur, has since been fortunate enough to procure a considerable quantity of various sizes, with the epigraph beautifully distinct. They were found in company with copper coins of the Gupta series, which are in the same style, both as to the letters and their horizontal situation in what is called the exergue of Western numismatics. As pointed out by Mr. Tregear, there are three variations in the reading. On 20, and the coin below it; face Satya mitasa. On the fine coins, figs. 21, 22; fada Saya mitasa. And on Nos. 19, 23, 24 and 25: faserface Vijaya mitasa. The variable portion of these, satya, saya, and vijaya, are evidently epithets, 'the perfect,' 'the true,' 'the victorious,'—but the name to which they are applied, mitasa, whether of a person or thing, is, unfortunately, only open to conjecture. From the analogy of the OKPO bull, and the evident descent that has been traced in these plates to a Mithraic origin, I feel strongly inclined to read the word fe mitrasya, ‘of the true, the victorious sun,' the Mithras. Mitra has also the signification ally,' if it be preferred to confine the title to a mundane ruler.

If the possessive termination be not made out, the terminal s may possibly be used in place of the visarga.

In fig. 22, the trilingual symbol brings us directly to the most extensive and oldest of our Hindú series. Of these we have, thanks to Mr. Tregear and Colonel Stacy, enough to fill another plate or two, but they must be kept distinct; while, to close the present plate more consistently, I have inserted, in figs. 26, 27, two small silver coins found by Capt. Burnes, at old Mandiví, or Raipur in Katch, having Sassanian heads, and reverses respectively corresponding to figs. 7 and 12.

The little copper piece 28, from the same place, has the Nágarí letters Sri Bhima; the last letter uncertain.

To balance these, I have selected three copper coins of Swiney's store, on account of their having the chakra, or the bull, for obverse. On No. 31 we can read the titles. . . . HETTA Sri . . . mahárája ; the name, as usual, provokingly obscure! Swiney reads it ganapati.

...

CEYLON COINS, pl. xxxv.

After wading through the doubtful maze of obscurity exemplified by the foregoing coins, where we have almost in vain sought a feeble landmark to guide us, even as to the race or the country whence they sprung; it is quite a relief to fall upon a series of coins possessed of true and legitimate value as unequivocal evidence of the truth of history.

The peculiar coins of ancient Ceylon have been long known to collectors: they have been frequently described and depicted in books, and the characters they bear identified as the Devanagarí, but little more. Marsden and Wilson, as will be seen below, are quite at fault in regard to them, and so might we all have remained had not the Hon. Mr. G. Turnour published his Epitome of the Ceylon History, from the Buddhist Chronicles. Upon my publishing, in pl. xxiv. fig. 22, a sketch of the coin which ranks first in the present plate, and suggesting the reading Sri Mayatraya Malla, I remarked that, although princes of this family name were common in Nipál, I could find none in the Ceylon list to correspond. This observation elicited the following note from Mr. Turnour, which, in justice to his sagacious and correct prediction, ought to have been published long ago.

NOTE ON HINDU COIN, fig. 22, of pl. 1. [xxiv.] vol. iv.-In your valuable paper on Hindú coins, you say that the name of Malla does not appear in my Catalogue. He is, doubtless, identical with the Sahassa Mallowa of my 'Epitome,' published in the Almanac of 1833. In the translation No. 6 of the Inscription published in 1834, you will also find him called Sahasa Malla. That inscription contains a date, which

led to an important correction in my chronological table, explained at page 176. He commenced his reign in A.D. 1200. His being a member of the Kalinga royal family-his boastful visits to India-and Dambodinia (which you have called Dípaldínna) becoming the capital in about thirty years after his reign, where the former similar coins were found-all tend to shew that the coin in question may be safely given to him. You will observe also by the inscription that his title was 'Sirri Sangaba Kálinga Wijaya bahu,' surnamed 'Sahasa Malla.' Kandy, 17th March, 1836. GEORGE TURNOUR.'

There was no other Malla in the list, and therefore the assignment was probable; but I laid little stress on it from the total variance of the rest of the name. In August, 1836, Capt. Ord, of Kandy, sent me impressions of the coins he had met with, and pointed out that the first letter of the third line was not formed like, but open, like. To pursue the train of small causes leading to an important result, when lithographing the Dihlí Inscription of the 10th century in vol. v. page 726, the very first letter,, struck me as resembling, in the squareness of its form (□) the Ceylonese letter I had before mistaken for. The enigma was thus in a moment solved, and every subsequent reading (for coins of this prince are exceedingly common, compared with others) has confirmed the reading aangang Sri mat Súhasa Malla, in accordance with Turnour's conjecture. In some few specimens the t of mat is either omitted through ignorance, or worn away; but in general it is quite distinct. Marsden's reading was Mayá dayá

malla.

The ice once broken, it became comparatively easy to find owners for all the other specimens either published in former notices, or existing unpublished in cabinets in the Island,