2. 3. EXODUS XXII. If a thief be found breaking up, and be smitten that he die, there shall no blood be shed for him. If the sun be risen upon him, there shall be blood shed for him. “The law made a thief to be the slave of him from whom he stole, but condemned a nocturnal thief to death."-LEX. XII. TAB. apud GELL. 1. XX. c. 1. 4. If the theft be certainly found in his hand alive, whether itbe ox, or ass, or sheep; he shall restore double. "The law says a thief shall restore fourfold what he stole."-QUINTIL 1. VII. c. 6. 21. Thou shalt neither vex a stranger, nor oppress him: for ye were strangers in the land of Egypt. "Jove supreme, God of the stranger, hear a stranger's voice." ESCH. Suppl. v. 624. "It is impious for a state to reject the suppliant prayer of the strangers." EURIP. Heracl. v. 107. "Jove, the friend of strangers."-APOL. RHOD. Arg. 1. 1. v. 986. "HANNO :-Upon my word you must be a worthless and bad servant, to be laughing at one who is a foreigner and a stranger."-PLAUT. Poen. Act. v. sc. 2. "Enter, my noble guest! and you shall find, For I myself, like you, have been distressed, Like you, an alien in a land unknown, I learn to pity woes so like my own."-VIRG. En. 1. 1. v. 631. 22. Ye shall not afflict any widow or fatherless child. "Alike the man of sin is he confess'd Who spurns the suppliant and who wrongs the guest; His trust, and rob the orphans of their dues." HES. oper. et dies, v. 325. 28. Thou shalt not curse the ruler of thy people. MENAND. apud Stob. XLIV. EXODUS XXIII. 3. Thou shall not countenance a poor man in his cause. "Both kinds of injustice are to be avoided. A bribe is not to be received from the rich against the poor; nor, on the other hand, is that more plausible habit of supporting the feeble against the powerful to be adopted; for fortune does not in itself make any cause either just or unjust."-QUINT. 1. XII. c. 7. 19. The first of the first-fruits of thy land thou shalt bring into the house of the Lord thy God. "The first fat offering to th' immortals due, HOм. 1. 1. IX. v. 220. "The ancient sacrifices and general meetings seem to have been held after collecting the fruits of the earth as first-fruits."-ARISTOT. Eth. 1. VII. c. 10. "Every year to thee (Delos) are sent tithes and first fruits." CALLIM. H. in Delon. v. 278. "My graceful fruits, the earliest of the year, And hang a wheaten wreath before her gate." TIBUL. 1. 1. eleg. 1. Thou, O Bacchus, having subdued the Ganges and all the east, did'st set apart the first fruits for the mighty Jove."-Ov. Fast. 1. III. v. 729. 25. And ye shall serve the Lord your God, and He shall bless thy bread and thy water and I will take sickness away from the midst of thee. "What do mortals need save these two things-bread to eat and water to drink ?" EURIP. apud Plut. de stoic. repug. c. 2. EXODUS XXIV. 8. And Moses took the blood, and sprinkled it on the people, and said, Behold the blood of the covenant, which the Lord hath made with you concerning all these words. The shedding of blood on the occasion of entering into covenants was common among all nations. Sacrifices were generally offered; but sometimes the blood of the contracting parties was also shed. The wine of the sacrifices was also mingled with the blood of the victims and tasted. This wine was called by the Romans vinum assiratum, because assir, according to Festus, signified blood in the ancient Latin language. "The ceremony of confirming alliances is the same with the Lydians as with the Greeks, with this addition, that both parties wound themselves in the arm, and mutually lick the blood."-HDT. 1. I. c. 74. "When the Arabians make alliances, some one connected with both parties stands betwixt them, and with a sharp stone opens a vein of the hand, near the middle finger, of those who are about to contract. He then takes a piece of the vest of each person, and dips it in their blood, with which he stains several stones purposely placed in the midst of the assembly, invoking during the process Bacchus and Urania." IBID. 1. III. c. 8. "The conspirators (against Brutus) agreed to take a great and horrible oath, by drinking together of the blood, and tasting the entrails of a man sacrificed for that purpose."-PLUT. Public. c. 4. "Cataline, when he was urging the accomplices of his crime to an oath, handed round in goblets, human blood mixed with wine; of which, when they had all tasted after the ceremony of obligation, according to the established form of religion, he explained his design.-SALL. Catal. c. 22. EXODUS XXV. 30. Thou shalt set upon the table shew-bread before me alway. "To our years has come down a relic of the ancient custom; a clean platter bears the food sent as a present offered to Vesta. Behold! the loaves of bread hang down from the asses bedecked with garlands, and the wreaths of flowers cover the rough millstones.” Ov. Fast. 1. VI. v. 310. H EXODUS XXVII. 20. And thou shalt command the children of Israel, that they bring thee pure oil olive beaten for the light, to cause the lamp to burn always. "Long did I, in my simplicity, imagine that there were statues of Vesta; but I afterwards learned that there were none under her concave dome. The fire that has never been extinguished burns there day and night. Neither Vesta nor fire has any likeness." Ov. Fast. 1. vi. v. 295. See notes on Lev. vi. 13. EXODUS XXVIII. 1. And take thou unto thee Aaron thy brother, and his sons with him, from among the children of Israel, that he may minister unto me in the priest's office, even Aaron, Nadab and Abihu, Eleazar and Ithamar, Aaron's sons. "Romulus chose out of the senators a pontiff and subjected all religious performances, whether public or private, to his determination, in order that there should be an authorised person to whom the people might, on every occasion, resort for instruction; lest, through their neglect of the rites of their own country, or the introduction of foreign ones, irregularities might take place in the worship of the gods."-Liv. 1. 1. c. 20. 4. And these are the garments which they shall make; a breastplate, and an ephod, and a robe, and a broidered coat, a mitre, and a girdle: and they shall make holy garments for Aaron thy brother, and his sons, that he may minister unto me in the priest's office. 5. And they shall take gold, and blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine linen. "You have not the garment that is necessary for a priest, nor the hair, nor the girdle, nor the voice, nor the age; nor have you purified yourself like him.” EPICT. 1. III. c. 21. "Very few know why the priests of Isis shave their heads, and wear linen vestments."-PLUT. de Isid. et Osirid. c. 4. "A goddess, reverenced by a multitude clad in linen."-Ov. Metam. 1. 1. v. 747. "Osiris, clad in linen."-LUCAN. Phars. 1. IX. v. 160. "It is said that Otho celebrated, publicly, the sacred rites of Isis, clad in a linen garment, such as is worn by the worshippers of that goddess."-SUETON. Otho, c. 12. 30. And thou shalt put in the breastplate of judgment the Urim and the Thummim; and they shall be upon Aaron's heart when he goeth in before the Lord; and Aaron shall bear the judgment of the children of Israel upon his heart before the Lord continually. "An adequate stipend was awarded to the judges by the king; the chief judge receiving the largest income. He wore suspended from his neck by a golden chain a small figure which was called 'Truth,' set with precious stones. As soon as the chief judge had placed this image upon his neck the pleading of a cause began.”—DIOD. SIC. l. 1. c. 75. "The goddess Isis wears an amulet about her neck, which is called The voice of truth."-PLUT. de Isid. et Osirid. c. 68. "Among the Egyptians those who judged were formerly priests; and of these the eldest was the chief: he pronounced the law to all; and it behoved him to be the justest and most impartial of all men. He wore suspended from his neck an image of sapphire, which was called Truth."-ÆL. Var. Hist. 1. XIV. c. 34. 31. Thou shalt make the robe of the ephod all of blue. In the septuagint this robe is called rodýpηs, a robe that falls over the feet. The heathen deities were represented wearing long garments of this kind. See also the extract from Plutarch at v. 33. 33. "In length of train descends her sweeping gown, And by her graceful walk the queen of love is known." "The god (Apollo) his own Parnassian laurel crown'd, Ov. Metam. 1. II. v. 165. And beneath upon the hem of it thou shalt make pomegranates of blue, and of purple, and of scarlet, round about the hem thereof; and bells of gold between them round about. "The Assyrians carry each a walking stick, on the top of which is carved an apple, a rose, a lily, an eagle, or some figure or other; for to have a stick without a device is unlawful."-HDT. 1. I. c. 195. "Plutarch says the High Priest of the Jews wears a vesture of deerskin, wrought with gold, together with a long robe, reaching to the feet, and buskins: and many little bells are suspended from his garments, jingling as he goes."-PLUT. Sympos. 1. IV. qu. 6. "I'll fetch two sacrificers with their bells."-PLAUT. Pseudol. Act. I. sc. 3. 39. Thou shalt embroider the coat of fine linen; and thou shalt make the mitre of fine linen, and thou shalt make the girdle of needle-work. "The priesthood in Egypt is confined to one particular mode of dress: they have one vest of linen, and their shoes are made of byblus."-HDT. 1. II. c. 37. "The Egyptian priests wear no garments of wool, which they esteem to be impure, but surplices and vestments of linen."-PLUT. de Isid, et Osirid. c. 4. "The bare-headed priests of Isis, clad in linen vestments." MART. 1. XII. epigr. 29. 43. And they shall be upon Aaron, and upon his sons, when they come in unto the tabernacle of the congregation, or when they come near unto the altar to minister in the holy place; that they bear not iniquity, and die it shall be a statute for ever unto him and his seed after him. Every god has several attendant priests, and one of superior dignity who presides over the rest; when any one dies he is succeeded by his son."-HDT. I. II. c. 37. "The office of priests attendant on the great altar of Hercules was hereditary." LIV. 1. IX. c. 28. EXODUS XXIX. 13. And thou shalt take all the fat that covereth the inwards, and the caul that is above the liver, and the two kidneys, and the fat that is upon them, and burn them upon the altar. "The limbs they sever from the inclosing hide, The thighs, selected to the gods, divide. On these, in double cauls, involved with art, The choicest morsels lie from every part."-Hoм. l. 1. 1. v. 460. "The Egyptians, in sacrificing swine to Luna, cut off the extremity of the tail, which, with the spleen and the fat, they enclose in the caul and burn. On the remainder, which at any other time they would disdain, they feast at the full moon, when the sacrifice is performed."-HDT. 1. II. c. 47. "The attendants slay the beasts, and strip the hide, The limbs they sever, and the flesh divide; The thighs, allotted to the heav'nly race, Involve in fat, and on the altar place."-APOL. RHOD. Arg. l. I. v. 432. "The hunter's toil Latona's offspring crown'd, The votive thighs the double cauls surround. O'er these upon the casual altar laid, They pray to Phœbus, and invoke his aid.”—IBID. 1. II. v. 698. Among the Persians, after the Magus, who directs the sacrifice, has divided the flesh, each goes away with his share, without setting apart any portion to the gods; for the god, they say, requires the soul of the victim, and nothing more. Nevertheless, according to some writers, they lay a small piece of the caul upon the fire." STRAB. 1. XV. c. 3. 40. And with the one lamb a tenth deal of flour mingled with the fourth part of an hin of beaten oil; and the fourth part of an hin of wine for a drink offering. Libations of wine were offered by the Greeks and Romans. When the limbs and other parts of the victim were placed upon the altar, wine was poured over them to make the flame rise higher, and also as an offering to the deities. The Latins placed sacred meal, mingled with salt, upon the head of the victim, and then poured wine and frankincense between its horns, the priest having first tasted the wine himself, and given it to be tasted by those who stood next him. The highest hairs were then plucked from between the horns and thrown upon the fire, after which the victim was slain : "The priest himself before his altar stands, Pours the black wine and sees the flames aspire." "A bull to Jove he slew in sacrifice, HOм. I. 1. 1. v. 462. And pour'd the wine upon the burning thighs."-IBID. 1. XI. v. 774. "And first it fits, O stranger to prepare The due libation and the solemn prayer; IBID. Odyss. 1. m. v. 45. "Propitiate the gods with libations and incense, both when you go to rest and when the holy light has risen."-HES. oper. et dies, v. 336. "The kings of Sparta received the first of every libation."-HDT. 1. VI. c. 57. "pour'd to Bacchus on the sacred ground Two bowls of sparkling wine."-VIRG. n. I. v. v. 77. "The priestess pours the wine betwixt the horns, Then cuts the curling hair."-IBID. 1. vI. v. 245. EXODUS XXX. 8. And when Aaron lighteth the lamps at even, he shall burn incense |