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PART II.

METEOROLOGY.

CHAPTER I.

Meteorology.

"Tis pleasant, by the cheerful hearth, to hear
Of tempests, and the dangers of the deep,
And pause at times, and feel that we are safe;
Then listen to the perilous tale again,

And with an eager and suspended soul,

Woo terror to delight us."

Southey.

We now enter upon that part of our subject which treats of the atmosphere, the waters of the globe, and the mountain rocks of which it is composed. No department of natural history abounds more in important facts and interesting conclusions. We commence first with "METEOROLOGY."

The science of meteorology describes and explains the various phenomena which occur in the region of our atmosphere. The word is of Greek origin and means aloft or elevated. It is a study which has deeply engaged the attention of men in every stage of society, from the roving savage to the refined votary of wealth and pleasure. The moment we cross our thresholds we commit ourselves to the influence of the weather; but the hardier class of the community, the shepherd, the plowman, and the mariner, whose labor creates or procures the staple articles of life, are always exposed by their occupation to the mercy of the elements. They are hence led by the strongest motives, to examine closely

the varying appearance of the sky, and to distinguish certain minute alterations which usually precede the more important changes. Thus Virgil in one of the most, beautiful passages of the Georgics gives for the use of the mariner and husbandman, the warnings which in his time were thought to precede approaching storms of wind, which he observes, well contemplating, the careful husbandman will gather his herds into their stalls; they are eleven in number. I. The agitation of the sea, the swelling waves rolling upon the shore. II. Noise from the mountains of the rustling leaves and crackling branches. III. The roaring of the surf as it breaks upon the shore. IV. The murmuring of the groves. V. The flight of sea-birds and their screams. VI. Their playing or sporting on the shore. VII. The herons forsaking their accustomed marshes and mounting aloft. VIII. The fall of meteors, portending winds, and which is thus similarly alluded to by Milton :

"Swift as a shooting star,

In Autumn thwarts the night, when vapors fired
Impress the air; and show the mariner

From what point of his compass to beware
Impetuous winds."

IX. Nocturnal streams of light, probably the Aurora.

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X. Straws

rising and floating in the air. XI. The play of floating feathers driven about upon the surface of the pool. Next he gives twelve prognostics of rain, which were thought so conclusive in their indications that he observes "Never hath a shower hurt any person unforewarned," viz: thunder from the north; the clash of east and west winds, and the flight of the cranes into the vallies to avoid the impending tempests. Heifers snuffing the wind; the circling flight of swallows round the water, and skimming over its surface. The croaking of the frogs; ants busy with their eggs. The rainbow, which was then supposed to have drank the water that supplied the clouds. The hoarse murmur of the flocks of The diving of sea birds and of swans; smoothing and oiling their plumage. A solitary bird pacing the sand; and lastly the gathering of fungous excrescence on the wick of the lamp, causing the oil to sputter and the flame to emit sparks. Prognostics of the coming weather drawn from the appearance of the

crows.

INDICATIONS OF THE WEATHER.

117

moon or sun, are also given. I. From the moon; darkened when new, she betokens rain. If red, wind; if serene in the fourth night she promises fair weather for that month. II. From the sun; if in rising, spotted, or showing only the centre of his orb, rain is portended. If of a bluish color in setting, rain, if red, wind. If spotted at setting, rain and wind; and if bright at rising and setting, clear weather with a northerly wind.

After these beautiful descriptions, which bring the poem home to every one, follow nine indications of fair weather. The brightnes of the stars, and of the rising moon. The unclouded sky, and kingfishers not expanding their wings to the sun; sows no longer tossing wisps of straws into the air. The clouds floating low; the silence of the owl at sunset, whose hooting was once supposed to forebode rain. The falcon soaring after the lark, and the crows social, and cawing with clear notes. Many of these signs are even now considered as harbingers of the coming change of weather, and more particularly the formation and arrangement of certain clouds, to which we shall again allude. No doubt the early observers of the weather often mistook the indications of those aspects we have mentioned, and inferred conclusions from mere casual circumstances.

The signs which usually precede the coming tempest are thus beautifully given by Thomson.-(Winter, l. 118, et seq.)

"When from the pallid sky the sun descends,
With many a spot, that o'er his glaring orb
Uncertain wanders, stain'd-red fiery streaks
Begin to flush around. The reeling clouds
Stagger with dizzy poise, as doubting yet
Which master to obey; while rising slow,
Blank, in the leaden-colored east, the moon
Wears a wan circle round her blunted horns.
Seen through the turbid, fluctuating air
The stars obtuse emit a shivering ray;
Or frequent seem to shoot athwart the gloom,
And long behind them trail the whitening blaze.
Snatch'd in short eddies, plays the wither'd leaf;
And on the flood the dancing feather floats.
With broaden'd nostrils to the sky upturn'd
The conscious heifer snuffs the stormy gale.
Even as the matron, at her nightly task,

With pensive labor draws the flaxen thread,
The wasted taper and the crackling flame
Foretell the blast. But chief the plumy race,
The tenants of the sky, its changes speak.
Retiring from the downs, where all day long
They pick'd their scanty fare, a blackening train
Of clamorous rooks thick-urge their weary flight,
And seek the closing shelter of the grove.

alve Assiduous, in his bower, the wailing owl

Plies his sad song. The cormorant on high
Wheels from the deep, and screams along the land.
Loud shrieks the soaring hern; and with wild wing

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The circling sea-fowl cleave the flaky clouds.
Ocean, unequal press'd, with broken tide

And blind commotion heaves; while from the shore,
Eat into caverns by the restless wave,

And forest-rustling mountain, comes a voice,
That solemn-sounding bids the world prepare.
Then issues forth the storm with sudden burst,
And hurls the whole precipitated air

Down in a torrent."

Those tokens which portend the more violent convulsions of the atmosphere, the pelting storm, or the careering tempest, are generally of a decided character, but the symptoms which go before the ordinary fluctuations of the weather can only be dimly conjectured by long experience and sagacious observation.

Nothing can be more utterly groundless than the disposition to refer the ordinary changes of the weather to the influence of the But, compared with this, the fancied efficacy of the stellar aspects vanishes into the shadow of a vision. The moon by

moon.

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