Sakka Śakra or Indra, in charge of Ceylon, 668; guardian of E. Ceylon, 668
Šakti, daughter of Daksha, 141 Sāli, prince, Chief in N.W. Province, 333; built wihāra, 332; inscrip- tion, 443; love story, 443; statue, 333
Saman or Sumana, god Sakka, 13,
315; colour and emblems, 668; guardian of E. Ceylon, 668 Samaya Yakā, 145 Sanchi, date of dāgaba, 213; bricks,
213, 214; reliefs-axe, 542, 555; chariots, 547; shield, 544 Sandagiri dagaba, 324, 327 Sanghamitta Thūpa, 278 Sangha-Tissa, K., 280
Sangili Kanadara-waewa, 383; age,
385; size, 386; works, 385, 386 Sankha Sēnāpati, general, 254 Sanni Yakā, 144
Sarabhu, monk, built dāgaba, 315 Sarasin, Drs., discoveries of stone im- plements, 31, 63; on their age, 64 Saraswati, goddess, a Kiri Ammā, 667
Sati not practised in Ceylon, 16 Sat Rajjuruwō, deified K. Mahā-Sēna, 28, 76, 139, 158, 170, 172 Saturankam game, 605
Schliemann, Dr. H., discovery of earliest swastika, 491; designs on whorls, 643, 661
Sēla caitya, 277, 343; relic-chamber 298; size, 297
Seligmann, Dr. C. G., 38, 64, 159, 316; discoveries in caves, 31, 63; on Kande Yakā, 114; on Nãē Ya- kās, 146; on Panikki Vaeddā, 137 Sēna, K., 305 Sēnā, Q., 425
Sēruvila dāgaba, 330; age, 331: dedication of wihāra, 332; device to find site, 331; deposition of relics, 332, 497
Settlers absorbed by Vaeddas, 109 Shapes of dagabas, 336
Shark, forbidden food of kapuwas,
Sinhalese, western, differ from Kan- dians, 30; exposed to foreign influences, 30
Silver in Vēdas, 467
Siri Kaḍawara Yaksani, Vaedda deity, 145
Siri-Nāga, K., 280, 322 Sirivatthapura, a Vaedda town, 17, 23, 235; site of battle, 24 Siriwaḍḍhana Nuwara, 254; Daļadā Maligawa, 258; festival of tooth relic, 255, 260; former identifica- tion of site, 254, 257; site, 258 Siri Yakā, 145 Sistrum, 506
Sită, a Kiri Ammā, 667
Site of dågaba found by animals, 331
Schweinfurth, Dr. G., on fire-making, Šiva, 147, 149, 206; father of Ayi-
Sea god, 138, 146; goddess, 667
yanar, 147; killed Guha, 149; origin of his sons, 156
Skanda, 133, 143, 145; birth, 157, 206; cures sickness, 667; forest god, 150, 169; god of hill tribes, 44; guardian deity, 499, 500, 517; guardian of S. Ceylon, 668; temple guarded by Vaeddas, 103; vahana, 157, 507
Skulls, Vaeddas and Sinhalese, 43 Sluice, 356, 359, 362, 365, 371, 375 ff.
Smelting furnaces, ancient, 66 Smith, V. A., on date of Asōka, 456;
early coinage, 450; Purānas, 465 Smither, J. G., on dãgabas, 264, 268, 286, 288, 296, 307, 309, 312, 321; statue at Ambatthala, 320; Thūpārāma pillars, 267
Snake, as guardian, 493, 507, 512; on coins, 512, 516
Sohon or Sōna Yakā, 145, 667 Sokkaṭṭān game, 619
Soldiers, carvings of, 526, 534, 545 Sōma
moon, guardian against de-
Sōmana Malaka dāgaba, 278
Sōmavati dāgaba, 330
Sōnāru game, 614
Sonnamāli Ruwanwaeli, 279 Sorabora tank, guarded by Wanni Deviya, 159
Spear, 523, 534, 549; an amulet, 538 Spelicans, 576
Spencer and Gillen, Messrs., on fire- making, 56 Spindle, 563
Spinning wheel, 562
Spirits, evil, mystic symbolism against
521; necessity for guarding against, 520; number in Ceylon, 521 Square on coins, 657; meaning, 647 Starvation of Yakā, 153 Statues, wooden, durability, 334 Stelae at religious edifices, 290, 499 Still, J., on coins, 490, 505; discovery of stone implements, 63 Stilts, 630
Stone, arrow-heads, 64, 66; axes not found in Ceylon, 66, 67; cutting, early, 227; implements, 31, 62-65, 221; statue, early, 222 Stone-bow, 541
Sri Vikrama Rāja Sinha, K., a Baṇ-
Sula, torch, a magical diagram, 517
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Sword, 523, 524, 526, 530, 531, 539, 548, 549
Sword-bearer, State official, 524 Symbols, at inscriptions, 428, 430,
431, 438, 439, 441, 443, 446, 448, 449, 450, 453, 454, 516, 657; Bud- dhist, borrowed, 519; portion represents the whole, 659 Symbols on coins. Arched structure, 506, 507; Aum monogram, 504, 505; beads, 507; Bhairava, 515; bident, 500; bow and arrow, 516; bull, recumbent, 494; bull, stand- ing, 511, 519; chatta, 500; circle, 499, 517; cobra, 500; crescent, 506, 509, 518; cross, 502, 517, 518; dāgaba, 509; deities, 499, 517; disk and crescent, 516; disk on post, 501, 502; dog, 513, 519; double triangle, 499; double tri- sula, 501; double trident, 506; elephant, 506, 510; figure, seated, 494 ff.; figure standing, 499; fish, 514; flower stem, 499; fly-whisk, 470, 296; frog, 514, 519; goat, 515; hand-drum, 518; horse, 514: javelin; 500; lingam, 519; lion, 515; monastery, 519; moon, 509; mound of beads, 509; peacock, 507; pentacle, 499; rhinoceros, 514; river, 514, 519; sistrum, 506, 507; snake, 490, 507, 512, 516;
Sōma, 510; spear, 500, 538; square, 657; swastika, 490, 507; sun, 501, 503, 507, 511, 512, 518; tank, 514, 657; taurine, 511; tree, 506, 512; triangle, 506, 517; tri- dent, 499, 519; trisūla, 506, 517; turtle, 514; vase, 490, 506. Ex- planation, 518; demon-scarers or luck-bringing, 519; inserted by traders, 520; not Buddhist, 519
Talagalla tank, 258
Talā warigē, a Vaedda clan, 113 Tamara-gala, cup-hole, 232 Tambapaņņi Māgama, 24, 235, 241; Ceylon, 235
Tanjore carvings, 5, 115, 148, 501 Tanks, on coins, 514; see reservoirs Tantirimalei bricks, 219; monastery,
244; statues, 245, 545 Tattu keliya, 627
Taurine symbol on coins, 511, 517 Tāyam Sōṇālu game, 617
Tēkkam dam, 247; age, 249 Tennent, Sir J. E., on Mahiyangana dāgaba, 316; on settlement of Vaeddas in villages, 112 Tēvāndān Puliyan-kulam hill, 418; inscriptions, 428 ff.
Theobald, W., on symbols on coins, 518
Throne, royal, 496
Thūpārāma dāgaba, 263 ff.; bricks,
217; history, 265, 266; damaged, 265, 266; inscription, 322; pillars round, 267, 268; platform wall, 264; possibly roofed, 464, 470; relics, 263; site and shape, 263, 272; restoration, 266 Thūpāvansa, II; account of arrival
Thurston, E., on fire-making, 57 Tikā, commentary, 10 Time-reckoning absent, 84; not
mark of savage state, 109 Tissa, K., 24, 245 Tissa-waewa, 364, 365
Tissa-waewa, S., age, 386, 388; restoration, 390; Kirindi-oya dam, 390; result of restoration, 394 Titthārāma, 300, 301 Titthawaela inscription, 442 Tiyāgasāla, son of Gaja-Bahu, 455 Tōmara, javelin, 547
Tools, ancient. Adze, 555; axe, 554 ; bellows, 559; bill-hook, 552; chisel, 556, 557; drill, fire, 558, 655; drills, 558; hammers, 557; hoe, 555; jumper, 556; knife, 551; lathe, 559; pickaxe, 556; pick-hammer, 556; saw, 557; sickle, 554; trowel, 556 Topographical errors, 260, 425 Topography of Anuradhapura, 270 Torches scare demons, 635
Trade, early, 236; proof of some civilisation, 108
Tree on coins, 506, 512 Triangle on coins, 506; 517 Transliteration, 420
Trident, 538; on coins, 499, 500, 519 Trident, double, on coins, 506 Trikūța, Mt., 5, 9
Trisula, 428, 505, 517; double, 501 Trowel, 556
Tug of war ceremony, 634, 637, 638 Tumbullē Waehaera-gala, cup-holes, 231; inscription, 231
Turtle, forbidden food, 195; incar- nation of Vishnu, 195, 196; on coins, 514
Twig or leaf clothing, 39, 70 Twig offerings, 76, 174, 175 Types of dagabas, 336, 342
Uḍakkiya hand-drum, on coins, 518 Uḍapila, party of Pālanga, 637 Udaya, K., 266, 303
Uma or Umayanganā, 156; a Kiri Ammā, 667
Unāpāna Kiri Ammå or Yakini, Vaedda deity, 137, 138
Unapāna warigē, a Vaedda clan, 113 Upatissa, K., 265; regent, 236, 242, 243
Upatissa Nuwara, 16, 243 ff.; site, 237, 245
Ürana or Ûruwa warigē, a Vaedda clan, 113
Urāwāḍiya warige, a Vaedda clan, 113
Urukagina, K., early channel cut, 348
Uruvēla, city, 8; age, 243; site, 246 ff., 251, 256
Uruvēla tank; probably Giant's Tank, 251; restored, 246
Uttara piriwena, 10 Uttiya, K., 420, 454
Vaeddas. Abandonment of cave and forest life, 31, 98, 112; abandon- ment of hamlets, 50; activity, 41; advent, 21, 22; amusements, 81, 83, 93; appliances sufficient, 109; arrows, 61; attacks by bears, 69; at Anuradhapura, 19, 25, 97, 301; axe, 59, 66, 67, 73; bark bag, 54; book by Vaedda, 99; bathing, 68; blood feuds, 82; buffaloes, use of, 90, 92; bows, 59, 60; cannibalism absent, 20; caste, high, 96, 102; census, 38; character, 80-82; chewing leaves, 53; civilised by irrigation works, 84; clans, 113; classes, 36; conclusion adopted, III; conversation, loud, 81; cloth- ing, 38-40, 105; cranium, 43; cult of dead, 120, 146, 153, 167; deities, 133 ff.; deities are Yakās, 134; demons, belief in, 42, 97, 152, 167; description, 40-44, 46; dialect, 20, 123; distinct from Tamils, 34; districts inhabited, 33, 36, 102, 205; domestic animals, 90; dwel- lings, 31, 32, 48, 49; etiquette, 82; evidence of former civilisation, 103; exogeny, 116; failure of missions, 83; fire-making, 56; fish-hook not used, 52; fishing, 21, 51, 68; folk-stories, 88, 93; food, 50-53; food prohibitions, 21, 51, 190, 191; forests apportioned, 74; forest Vaeddas, 38; funerals, 119, 120; Galē Yakā, hill-god, cult of, 20, 33, 134, 178, 183, 186, 187; Gangē Baṇḍāra, 139, 163; gestures, 89; golden utensils, 54, 106; guar- dians of Kataragama temple, 103, 114; hair, 43-44, 47; height, 41; home, original, 20, 34; hunting, 68 ff., 75, 76; illnesses, 82; imita- tion of animal cries, 90; intelli- gence, 79, 80; Kannimär, deities, 133, 151, 167; kings, early, 25, 99, 105; Kiri Ammā, goddess, 135- 137, 147, 162-165, 188, 189, 206; Kiri Ammās, seven, 137, 150, 165, 166; knives not carried, 59; know- ledge of Sinhalese, 96; Knox, Capt. R., on Vaeddas, 95; lan-
guage lost, 32; leaf clothing, 70; marriage, 23, 116-118; measure of length, 86; meat drying over fire, 50; meat preserved in honey, 72; memory, 95; millet cake, 52; millet growing, 50; mixed blood, 32, 33, 97; Mōhini worship, 96; 136, 137, 147, 149, 150, 156, 206; monkeys generally eaten, names, 121; night shooting, 77; numbers, knowledge of, 85-88, 106; their opinion of Sinhalese, 98; ornaments, 47; observant nature, 70, 71, 79; political organisation, 104; pottery making and weaving unknown, 54; pronouns lost, 87; rank, former high, 98, 99, 101; religion, original, 155; religious ceremonies, 162 ff.; represented by Kandian Sinhalese, 30; rice eaten, 53; Sea god, 138, 155; settled for- merly in villages, 25, 31, 100, 112; shrine, stick, 162; skin, colour of, 40; skull, dolichocephalic and small, 43; social customs, 16, 116; soldiers, 29, 100, 101, 549; spear, 18; starvation, 75; terms for, 20, 37, 205; time reckoning unknown, 84, 87; titles, 99-100; use of money and guns, 68, 82; utensils, house- hold, 53-56; vocabulary, 123; water-drinking, 53; water-vessels, 54; weapons and tools, 59; Wija- pāla, prince, Chiefs under, 101, 102 Vaedi Kaḍawaras, 141, 152 Vaedi Yakās, 141, 143, 145 Vajira, general, 265 Valāhassa Jātaka on Yakkhas, 18, 21 Sinhalese, Valve-pit invented by 377 ff., . 379 Valliyammā, story of, 114; a Kiri Ammā, 667
Vannakaṇņa channel, 409 Vase on coins, 493, 506
Vavunik-kuļam - Pēlivāpi, 256; age, 365; proof of Dravidian settlement, 367; size, 366
Vedic definition of wealth, 467 Vedik-kināri hill, inscriptions, 397,
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Visvakarman, built two cities, 5, 354 Vaeddas; Virchow, Prof. R., on
affinities, 20, 21, 33, 34; lowest savages, 103; loss of language, 33, 34; skulls, 43
Virabhadra, fire-walking ceremony,
Viramuṇḍā Deviyā, fire-walking cere- mony, 141
Vishnu, 147, 149, 156 ff.; defeated Rakshasas, 6; guardian of W. Ceylon, 668;
tion, 136; Rāma incarnation, 6; Turtle incarnation, 195; moun- tain god, 136; protected Wijaya, 23 Visits of Götama Buddha, 12, 301, 425; orders to Nāgas, 310; orders to Sakka, 668 Võharaka-Tissa, K., 280, 294, 305, 313, 315, 317, 325
Voyages, early, from India to Ceylon, 106-108
50; fish-hook not used, 52; forest deities, 167 ff., 172; forests appor- tioned, 74; Hat Rajjuruwō, cult of, 76, 158, 172; hunting, 68, 71, 75, 77; hunting ceremony, 167 ff.; idea of locality, 77; imitation of animal cries, 90; impossible to be lost, 78; leaf or twig clothing, 70; millet cake, 52, 75; monkeys not eaten, 51; mungus, story of, 80; names, 37; not potters or weavers, 54; numbers, 36; royal bee-hive tak- ing, 170; twig offerings, 76, 174 War of short-horned buffalo, 102, 143 Wasabha, K., grant of tank, 366; married aunt, 422 Wața Yakā, 145
Waterfield, S., found dāgaba, 293 Waṭṭa Gāmiņi, K., 298, 300, 304, 403, 445, 450; arms, 524 ; built Abhaya- giri dāgaba and wihāra, 298, 304; built Maṇisōma dāgaba, 311
Vyādha Dēva at Anuradhapura, 19, Wax, aroma of ancient, 335 26
Vyadhas were Vaeddas, 19, 20, 37, 205
Wagas, a Tamil race, 45, 46; mode of life, 46; names, 46 Wāhalkaḍas, 289, 295, 307; cost, 280; purpose, 289
Walak-pussa game, 597 Wala-salli game, 626
Walker, N. M., discovered inscrip- tion, 249
Wallace, Dr. A. R., on fire-making, 158
Wanagatta Yakā, 142, 146
Wanni Deviyā, 142, 150, 158, 159, 206; birthplace, 159; emblem and vāhana, 159; legend, 159; pos- sibly a Vaedda chief, 160 Wanni Kaḍayin Pota, manuscript,
site of Siriwaḍḍhana Nuwara, 259; Vaeddas, 99-101; written by Vaedda, 99
Wanniya Baṇḍāra, forest deity of Wanniyas, 142, 150, 158, 159, 168, 169, 172, 206 Wanniyas. Are Vaeddas, 37, 106; arrows, 61; bow, 59, 60; Buddhists,
133; caste, good, 37; deities, 158; description, 47; district, 36; do- mestic animals, 90, 92; dwellings, 49, 50, 92; fire-making, 56; food,
Weapons, ancient. Armour, 524; arrow, 525, 540; baendiwāla, 546; battle-axe, 523, 526, 542, 549: bident, 539, 546; bill-hook, 526, 547; bow, 523, 539, 548; club, 524, 543; cross-bow, 525; dagger, 526, 531; engines, stone-throwing, 525; helmet, 545; itiya, 526, 532; javelin, 523, 534; kastānē, 531, 544; ketĕriya, 542, 549; knife, 526, 531; kris, 526, 532; mace, 543; marteau, 546; quiver, 541; scabbard, 531, 544; shield, 523, 543, 548; spear, 523, 534, 549; stone-bow, 541; sword, 523, 526, 548; tōmara, 547; trident, 526, 528
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