made temperance speeches. At the age of 17 he entered Bethany College, and three years later (1856) he graduated with honors. While in college he participated in the heated discussions of the slavery issue, taking the view that the negro was an inferior being and championing slavery and the customs and traditions of the South. But he advocated free speech and honorable treatment of opponents, and on one occasion risked his life to rescue an Abolitionist from a proslavery mob. Although he had looked forward to fitting himself for the legal profession, he decided, after his conversion to Christianity under the preaching of Alexander Campbell, to enter the ministry, and accordingly he became a clergyman of the sect known as Christians or Disciples. He began his work in his native town, and for several years afterwards was engaged in successful evangelistic labor. In 1857 he was married, but his young wife died three weeks after the wedding. Two years later he married. again. During two years of the Civil War he was President of the college at Flemingsburg, Ky. His sympathies were with the South, but he extended hospitalities to soldiers on both sides. Afterwards he filled pastorates at Winchester, Ky., and at St. Louis, Mexico, Warrensburg and Bolton in the State of Missouri. He is now minister of a large church in Kansas City, Mo.

From his youth he was an ardent temperance advocate, and at different times he was connected with the Sons of Temperance, Good Templars and the Francis Murphy pledge-signing movement. In Missouri he was identified with the various Prohibitory movements growing out of the Convention at Sedalia, July 4, 1880. At that convention the Missouri Prohibition Alliance was organized, with Dr. Brooks as its President. A notable agitation followed, and, without salary and at his own risk, he canvassed the State, speaking in 100 counties. The first year's work resulted in the election of a Legislature pledged to submit a Prohibitory Amendment to the people; but treachery in the State Senate caused the defeat of the submission bill, and the Downing High License law was enacted as a compromise. After three more years of energetic work Dr. Brooks (1884), received an independent Prohibition nomination

for Governor of Missouri. Although there had been no previous organization of the Prohibition party in the State, and although the entire vote of Missouri for the Prohibition Presidential ticket in 1884 was only 2,153, Dr. Brooks polled 10,426 votes.

In the next four years he worked earnestly and with excellent results to promote Prohibition sentiment throughout the country, making addresses in many States. At the National Convention of the Prohibition party, held at Indianapolis, May 30 and 31, 1888, he was nominated for Vice-President on the ticket with Gen. Clinton B. Fisk. He made many speeches during the campaign. His record as a Southern sympathizer in slavery times was persistently used against him by political enemies, and the most unscrupulous misrepresentations and attacks were made. Yet he had unequivocally repudiated his former views.

Burmah.-Drink appears to have been unknown among the Burmese until southern Burmah was conquered by the English in the early part of the present century. Then liquor came in like a flood. One reason for its rapid spread was given to me by an old native schoolteacher, for many years past a Christian. "We saw," said he, "that the English armies were stronger than ours, and that man for man they were better physically than we. The main difference in habit was that they drank alcoholic drinks and we did not; so we concluded that must make the difference, and we began drinking deliberately for the purpose of strengthening ourselves. But a few years showed us that we had made a great mistake, and we drink much less now than we did years ago." King Thebaw kept drink out of Upper Burmah as long as he was in power; but as soon as the English came in a brewery was erected near Mandalay "to supply the British soldiers with beer." Very soon shops were open for the sale of all sorts of intoxicating drinks, and no restriction was placed upon the sale to natives. This I saw on my visit to that city in June, 1887, when the first temperance society-a Woman's Christian Temperance Union-was organized. The Presbyterian chaplain to the forces was then doing good work in the garrison. In June, 1889, Miss Phenney commenced

the publication, in Burmese, of monthly Band of Hope leaflets. Each contains a temperance song and a series of questions and answers on the effects of alcohol, opium, tobacco, etc., on the human sysAbout 500 of these leaflets are used every month, in 16 different schools and in 12 different stations, from Mandalay in Upper Burmah to Tavoy in Lower Burmah.

tem.

MARY CLEMENT LEAVITT.

Cadets of Temperance. This society of juveniles originated with the Sons of Temperance in 1843, but has grown into an independent organization. By its constitution young persons (of either sex) of good moral character, between the ages of 12 and 21 years, are eligible to membership. Every person, in joining, is required to take an obligation not to drink, as a beverage, any intoxicating liquor, wine or cider, so long as he remains a member. Many of the States and several of the Canadian Provinces have branches. The Order is sub-divided into Grand Sections and Sections. The entire membership is about 10,000. Pennsylvania is the banner State. The present national officers (March, 1891) are: Most Worthy Patron, Charles C. Augustine, Philadelphia; Most Worthy VicePatron, Frank E. Parker, Charlestown, Mass.; Most Worthy Secretary, Fred. J. King, Philadelphia; Most Worthy Treasurer, J. H. Courtenay, New York City.

California.-See Index.

Canada. A slight knowledge of certain prominent physical and political characteristics of the Dominion of Canada is necessary to a clear comprehension of the position of the temperance cause in the Dominion. Canada covers an area a little less in extent than that of the United States. It includes, besides an enormous extent of unorganized territory, seven Provinces, each with a separate Legislature and Government, but all united for national purposes under a Federal Parliament. The population of the Dominion is about 4,500,000. Partly because of geographical conditions this population may be considered as separated into four groups, (1) The Maritime Provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island, on the Atlantic seaboard, with an aggregate population of nearly 900,000. (2) the Province of Quebec, on

the St. Lawrence River, population nearly 1,300,000 (largely French), and the wealthy Province of Ontario with a population of nearly 2,000,000. (3) the Province of Manitoba in the central prairie region, population about 35,000. (4) the Province of British Columbia on the Pacific coast, population about 60,000. Outside these Provinces the scattered population is largely governed from Ottawa, which is the national capital.

The powers and relations of the different Provincial Legislatures and the Dominion Parliament are fixed by an act of the Imperial Parliament of Great Britain; and the Privy Council of Great Britain is the highest judicial Court to which appeals in reference to matters of legislation or administration can be referred. Such appeals are not, however, of frequent occurrence. Canada manages her own affairs. No imperial troops are stationed in the Dominion. The principal connecting link between the nation and the British Empire lies in the appointments to the Governor-Generalship of Canada, which are made by the British Crown. Roughly speaking, it may be said that the Parliament of Canada has jurisdiction over all matters relating to commerce, national revenue, military and naval affairs, postal service and the government of extra-Provincial territory, while Provincial Legislatures have charge of matters relating to internal Provincial government, the police power necessary to enforce law and secure order and the control of legislation, creating municipalities and fixing and regulating their powers. Nearly all of the Dominion is divided into municipalities, varying in size and functions in the different Provinces, and exercising very extensive local powers.

Under its power to deal with questions affecting trade and commerce, the Dominion Parliament enacted, in 1878, a stringently-worded law of Local Option, by which the total Prohibition of the retail traffic in intoxicating beverages may be secured by any city or county in the Dominion. There is also a general law of total Prohibition for unorganized territory, subject, however, to a provision under which special permits to take liquor into this territory may be issued. National law also prohibits the sale of liquor to Indians and prohibits sale to any per

son on the days on which Parlimentary elections are held. The different Provinces enact laws for the licensing, controlling and regulating of the liquor traffic within their respective limits. About 35 years ago the Province of New Brunswick, then a Crown colony, enacted a law of Prohibition, which was repealed by the next Legislature before it had any opportunity to show its value or even to reveal its defects. Many years after, in the Legislature of the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec, which were at that time united, a proposed measure of Prohibition was defeated by the casting vote of the Speaker.

CANADIAN TEMPERANCE SENTIMENT.

The temperance question has always been in Canadian politics. Shortly after the discovery of the New World, when the northern part of this continent was under military government-established with the dual object of enlarging the possessions of France and spreading the doctrines of Christianity-a fierce conflict was waged between the ecclesiastical authorities who desired to prohibit the liquor traffic among the Indians and the military authorities who were in favor of permitting that traffic. Ever since that time, in some form or other, the country has been endeavoring to deal with the difficulties arising out of the inevitable contest between men willing to make money from their fellow beings' degradation and those opposed to a business so detrimental to the progress of true civil

ization.

When secret temperance organizations were first set on foot they found in Canada an inviting field which Washingtonian and Blue Ribbon movements had to some extent made ready for them. These societies still hold their own. There are Grand Lodges of the Independent Order of Good Templars, Grand Divisions of the Sons of Temperance and Woman's Christian Temperance Unions in every Province of the Dominion. The Royal Templars of Temperance are also very strong, and have lately been making remarkably rapid advances. Nearly all branches of the Christian church are sound on the question of temperance, and most of them have made emphatic utterances in favor of total Prohibition. In this connection the following recent deliver

ances, respectively, of the General Conference of the Methodist Church and the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church may be taken as specimens:

Presbyterian General Assembly.

"This Assembly declares its conviction that the general traffic in intoxicating liquors is contrary to the word of God and to the spirit of the Christian religion; that total Prohibition would be the most effective form of temperance legislation, and that it is highly expedient that the State pass a Prohibitory law, and that this result is to be earnestly sought by all right means. This Assembly, with renewed earnestness and emphasis, again expresses the hope tives, will elect only able and good men who that the electors, in their choice of representaare well known to be in sympathy with Prohibitory legislation."

Methodist General Conference.

"It gives us unbounded satisfaction to know that there is a great popular uprising all over the land against the great liquor crime. It stands between us and religious, social, moral and political reform. The ballot must execute the will of a free people, and must not be cast for that which is a sin against God and a crime against humanity. The time has come to draw

the line between those who stand with the

saloon and against the people, and those who stand with the people and against the saloon. We therefore recommend that our people, in all municipal and Parliamentary elections, vote only for candidates who, in addition to other necessary qualifications, are known pledge ourselves to co-operate with the Dominand professed Prohibitionists, and we heartily on Alliance and all temperance organizations in their efforts to educate the electors of the Dominion on the necessity of Prohibitory legislation. We cannot admit the statement so often made by those having little or no sympayet ready for a Prohibitory law; on the conthy with Prohibition, that the country is not trary, we are convinced that the country, by adopting the Scott act. showed it was ready for such legislation. We believe the wide growth ders it the duty of our Parliament to pass a Proof public sentiment in favor of Prohibition renhibitory law that will brand the traffic with puble condemnation."

THE DOMINION ALLIANCE.

Shortly after the federation of the different Provinces of Canada in one Dominion in the year 1866, an agitation was inaugurated looking toward a law of total Prohibition. Great petitions from every part of the country were piled up in the Dominion Parliament, and several Provincial Legislatures passed resolutions, all asking the national body for the enactment of such a law. A call for a Prohibitory Convention was issued by 16 members of the House of Commons

in the year 1875. In response to the appeal, 280 representatives from the different Provinces assembled at Montreal. The meeting was presided over by Hon. Senator A. Vidal, and had the advice and assistance of Hon. Neal Dow of Portland, and John N. Stearns of New York, who were present as visitors. The conclusions of this Convention were summarized in the following resolutions:

"1. That the manufacture. importation and sale of intoxicating liquors to be used as common beverages are found by the Parliamentary Committees, as well as the experience of society, to be a fruitful source of crime and pauperism, alike subversive of public morality and social order.

2. That all attempts to restrict the traffic by license law are unsatisfactory, inasmuch as intemperance and all the evils connected therewith are constantly increasing.

3 That nothing short of the entire Prohibition of the manufacture. importation and sale of intoxicating liquors as beverages would be satisfactory to this Convention.

4. That in order that a Prohibitory liquor law, when passed may have the sympathy and support so indispensably necessary to its success, it is the opinion of this Convention that the Dominion Parliament should be urged to frame such a law, subject to ratification by pop ular vote."

Out of this Convention grew an organization called "The Dominion Alliance for the Total Suppression of the Liquor Traffic," that is still the recognized representative body of the Prohibitionists of the Dominion of Canada. A branch of it was formed in every Province, and another for the Northwest Territories. The President of the Dominion Alliance is still Hon. A. Vidal of Sarnia, Ont., who has held that important position for 14 years and enjoys the respect and confidence of Prohibition workers of all classes and opinions. The Secretary is F. S. Spence of Toronto, Ont.

THE CANADA TEMPERANCE ACT.

The proposal of the Montreal Convention of 1875 did not find favor with the Dominion Parliament. Several committees were appointed from year to year to consider the question. A special Board of Commissioners was sent to investigate the Prohibitory laws in the United States. The result of the researches of these gentlemen was published in an extensive blue-book. A resolution was adopted by the House of Commons assenting to the principle of Prohibition. Finally, in 1878,

there was enacted the Canada Temperance act, popularly known as the Scott act because it was introduced into Parliament by Hon. R. W. Scott, then Secretary of State. Its principal provisions may be summarized as follows:

The act is divided into three parts. The first part provides the machinery by which the second part may be adopted or rejected. The second part is the Prohibition part and does not come into force until it has been adopted by a vote of the electors. The third part provides for the enforcement of the law after its adoption. The following is a synopsis of the provisions of these respective parts: Part I.

One-fourth of the. electors in any city or county may petition the Governor-General in Council to have a vote taken upon the act in such city or county. The Governor-General in Council may then appoint a returning officer, fix a day for voting, and make all other needful arrangements for the polling of votes. Very severe penalties are provided for any corrupt practices. No treating of voters is allowed and all places where liquor is sold must be kept closed the whole of the day of voting. If a majority of the votes polled are in favor of the act, a proclamation will be issued bringing it into force; but in counties where licenses are in operation it cannot come into force before at least five months after the voting, nor until all licenses in force at the end of these five months have expired. If no licenses are in force in a county, the act may be brought into operation of the voting adopting it. If the act be adopted in that county after three months from the day it cannot be repealed for at least three years, nor until the repeal has been voted upon and adopted by the electors If the act be rejected or repealed it cannot be again voted upon for three years.

Part II.

From the day of the coming into force of the act in any county or city. and as long as it remains in force, no intoxicating liquor shall be sold in any manner or under any pretext except in the cases hereinafter mentioned. Persons who are specially licensed may sell liquor by wholesale. but only in quantities of not less than ten gallons, or in case of ale or beer eight gallons, and only to licensed druggists, or other wholesalers or to persons whom they have good reason to believe will carry it to and have it consumed in some place where the Scott act is not in force. Producers of native wine made from grapes grown by themselves may, when licensed. sell such wine to any person in quantities of not less than ten gallons, unless it be for medicsell as small a quantity as one gallon. Licensed inal or sacramental purposes, when they may druggists may sell in quantities of not less than one pint. Not more than one druggist may be licensed in a township, not more than two in a

town. and not more than one for every 4,000 inhabitants in a city. Druggists are only allowed to sell liquor for medicinal or sacramental use. or for use in some bona fide art, trade or manu

The penalties for illegal sale are: For the first

offense a fine of not less than $50; for the sec

ond offense, a fine of not less than $100 and for the third and each subsequent offense, imprison

The

ment for not more than two months. clerk or agent who sells for another person shall be held guilty as well as his employer and shall be liable to the same punishment. All liquor and all vessels containing liquor in respect to which offenses have been committed shall be forfeited. Any person may be a prosecutor for a violation of the act. The Collector of Inland Revenue is required to prosecute when he has

reason to believe that an offense has been committed. In a prosecution it is not necessary that a witness shall be able to state the kind or price of liquor unlawfully sold. It is enough to show that unlawful disposal of intoxicating liquor took place. The finding in any place of liquor and also of appliances for its sale, is prima facie evidence of unlawful keeping for sale, unless the contrary is proved. The husband or wife of a person charged with an offense against the Scott act is a competent witness. Any person attempting to tamper with a witness in any prosecution under the act shall be liable to a fine of $50. Any person who is a party to an attempt to compromise or settle any offense against this act with a view of saving the violator from prosecution or conviction shall, on conviction, be imprisoned for not more than three months. No appeal shall be allowed against any conviction made by any Judge, Stipendiary or Police Magistrate, Sheriff, Recorder or Parish Court Commissioner.

THE CANADA TEMPERANCE ACT IN OPERA

TION.

Immediately after its enactment, the Canada Temperance act was taken hold of by temperance people, the city of Fredericton, the capital of New Brunswick, being the first place to vote. A large majority was recorded in favor of the law. Other cities and counties fell into line, and in a short time the greater part of the Maritime Provinces was placed under the act. Later on the Province of Ontario was brought to a great extent under the operation of this law, but unfortunately political complications interfered with its success. In Ontario all liquor laws are administered by local Boards of Commissioners appointed directly by the Provincial Government from year to year. This system necessarily makes the issuing

of licenses to sell liquor a piece of party patronage and brings the liquor traffic actively and interestedly into Provincial politics. The enforcement of the law was defective and irregular. Where it was fairly and effectively carried out, the liquor traffic became arrayed against the party then in power. Where it was not properly enforced, friends of law and order were disgusted and offended. The liquor traffic took advantage of the opportunity, and when the question of repeal was submitted to the electors the active political workers who cared more for party than principle united, in 1887 and 1888, to defeat a measure that was an annoyance to them although a blessing to the community. The law was repealed in every place in Ontario in which it had been adopted. Some repeal movements were also successful in the Province of Quebec. The other Provinces of the Dominion not being affected by the considerations referred to, have stood loyally by the act; and in them it is accomplisning very much good. In the Province of Prince Edward Island the legalized retail liquor traffic is extinguished, the Canada Temperance act being in operation in every city and county.

The results of the adoption and enforcement of the act in the different parts of the Dominion have been very encouraging to the friends of moral reform. The consumption of strong drink has fallen off to a remarkable degree, and there has been an equally remarkable reduction in drunkenness and its attendant evils. The annual report of the Inspector of Prisons of the Province of Ontario for the year 1888 contains a tabulated list of the commitments to jail for drunkenness in all the counties of Ontario for 11 years. The figures for all the counties that were entirely under the Canada Temperance act in 1888 show, as compared with the figures for the year 1884 (the last year in which they were entirely under license), a falling off of 50 per cent. in commitments to jail for criminal drunkenness. It is startling to find at the same time that the figures for all the counties that were entirely under license for the two years named show an increase in 1888 as compared with 1884 of 25 per cent. in commitments to jail for drunkenness. Many similar official statements might be quoted to show the good that