instruments and determined their motion, after such a manner, to this end, that he might make the whole a fabric fit for such purposes?"—ARISTOT. de part. anim. 1. 1. c. 1.

"Anaxagoras employs mind as a machine for the production of the orderly system

of the world."-IBID. Metaph. 1. 1. c. 4.

Apollonius Rhodius, speaking of animals of "doubtful form," refers by way of illustration, to the period

"When the teeming earth

On living things bestowed primeval birth,

While she, great parent, moist and pliant lay,

As yet unhardened by the stroke of day."-APOL. RHOD. Arg. 1. IV. v. 672. "Some were of opinion that the universe was produced and corruptible, and that the generation of mankind took place at a specific time; for when, at the beginning, the union of all things took place, heaven and earth had but one form, their natures being commingled together; but afterwards upon a separation of the bodies from each other, the universe assumed the order which is now seen in it."-DIOD. SIC. 1. 1. c. 7.

Silenus

"Now I will sing how moving seeds were hurled,

How tossed to order, how they framed the world;
How sun and moon began; what steady force

Marked out their walk, what makes them keep their course:
For sure unthinking seeds did ne'er dispose
Themselves by counsel, nor their order chose ;

Nor any compacts made, how each should move;
But from eternal through the vacuum strove,
By their own weight, or by external blows,
All motions tried, to find the best of those,
All unions too; if by their various play,
They could compose new beings any way:

Thus long they whirled; most sorts of motions passed,
Most sorts of unions too, they joined at last

In such convenient order; whence began

The sea, the heaven, and earth, and beasts, and man :
But yet no glittering sun, no twinkling star,
No heaven, no waving sea, no earth, no air,
Nor anything like these did then appear;
But a vast heap, and from this mighty mass
Each part retired, and took its proper place:
Agreeing seeds combined; each atom ran
And sought his like, and so the frame began."

cr

LUCRET. de rer. nat. 1. v. v. 417.

sung the secret seeds of nature's frame;
How seas, and earth, and air, and active flame
Fell through the mighty void, and in their fall,
Were blindly gathered in this goodly ball.
The tender soil then stiff"ning by degrees.
Shut from the bounded earth the bounding seas.
Then earth and ocean various forms disclose ;
And a new sun, to the new world arose ;
And mists, condensed to clouds, obscure the sky;
And clouds, dissolved, the thirsty ground supply.
The rising trees the lofty mountains grace;
The lofty mountains feed the savage race.

-VIRG. Ecl. VI. v. 31.

"High o'er the clouds, and empty realms of wind,
The God a clearer space for heaven designed;
Where fields of light, and liquid æther flow;
Purged from the ponderous dregs of earth below.

Scarce had the power distinguished these, when straight
The stars, no longer overlaid with weight,

Erect their heads from underneath the mass,

And upward shoot, and kindle as they pass,

And with diffusive light adorn the heavenly place.

Thus earth from air, and seas from earth, were driven,

And

grosser air sunk from etherial heaven."-Ov. Metam. 1. 1. v. 67.

"A rude heap, without arrangement existed at first and the stars, the earth, and the sea wore one face. Anon the firmament is placed above the earth, the land is encircled by the sea, and the naked chaos retreats to its distinct parts. Woods receive the beasts, and the air the birds; while ye fish conceal yourselves in the liquid stream.' -IBID. de arte amandi, 1. 11. v. 467.

14. And God said, Let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days, and years:

15. And let them be for lights in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth and it was so.

16. And God made two great lights; the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night: he made the stars also.

"Now the great sun and the refulgent moon,

And morn that shines to men who walk the earth,

And all immortal gods who dwell above

The spacious firmament, received their birth."-HES. Theogon. v. 371.

"When atlas-born the Pleiad stars arise

Before the sun, above the dawning skies,

'Tis time to reap; and when they sink below
The morn-illumined west, 'tis time to sow."

IBID. Oper. et dier. v. 381.

"The sun, by its light, not only renders each object visible, but points out the hours of the day to us. The stars indicate the hours of the night; while the moon shews us at the same time the divisions of the night, and also of the months."-XEN. Mem. Soc. 1. IV. c. 3.

"God contrived the days and nights, months and years, which had no existence prior to the universe, but rose into being contemporaneously with its formation."PLAT. Timæus, c. 10.

"The Deity created the sun, the moon, and the five other stars which are denominated planets, to distinguish and guard over the numbers of time."-IBID. c.11.

"God, ever good,

Daily provides for man his daily food,

Ordains the seasons by his signs on high,

Studding with gems of light the azure canopy:

What time with plough and spade to break the soil,

That plenteous stores may bless the reaper's toil,

What time to plant and prune the vine he shows,

And hangs the purple cluster on the boughs."—ARAT. Phœn. v. 5.

"The gods, propitious to man's feeble race,

These signs in heaven, his guides and beacons place."-IBID. v. 732.

"To mark the lengthening and the shortening day,

To trace the sun throughout his annual way,

The zodiac signs suffice. They also show

The times ordained to plough, to plant, to sow.

These all are taught by great immortal Jove,

Who orders all below and all above."-IBID. Diosem. v. 8.

See notes on Job XXXVIII. 31.

21.

The idea of ruling over the night is expressed in the following epithets :-
"Goddess queen, divine Selene!"-ORPH. Hymn in Selen.
"Ruler of the stars!"-IBID. V. 10.

"Glory of the stars!"-VIRG. Æn. 1. IX. v. 405.

V.

"Two-horned Queen of the stars!"-HOR. Carm. Sec. v. 99.

"Bright glory of the heavens."-IBID. v. 66.

1.

Shining goddess of the darkened world."-SEN. Hippol. v. 310.

And God created great whales, and every living creature that moveth, which the waters brought forth abundantly, after their kind, and every winged fowl after his kind: and God saw that it was good.

22. And God blessed them, saying, Be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let fowl multiply in the earth.

23. And the evening and the morning were the fifth day.

24. And God said, Let the earth bring forth the living creature after his kind, cattle, and creeping thing, and beast of the earth after his kind : and it was so.

"There is nothing extravagant in the idea that both men and beasts were originally formed from the earth."-ARISTOT: de gen. Anim. 1. III. c. 11.

26.

27.

"New herds of beasts he sends the plains to share:

New colonies of birds to people air:

And to their oozy beds the finny fish repair."-Ov. Met. 1. 1. v. 74. And God said, Let us make man in our image after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth.

So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them.

"The opinion of those who fashion the statues of the gods in the human resemblance is not irrational. For if the human soul is most near and most similar to divinity, it is not reasonable to suppose that divinity would invest that which is most similar to himself with a deformed body, but rather with one which would be an easy vehicle to immortal souls, light, and adapted to motion. For this alone, of all the bodies on the earth, raises its summit on high, is magnificent, superb, and full of symmetry. In the resemblance of such a body the Greeks think fit

to honour the gods."-MAX. TYR. diss. 38.

"This animal-prescient, sagacious, complex, acute, full of memory, reason, and counsel, which we call man-has been generated by the supreme God in a most transcendent condition. For he is the only creature among all the races and descriptions of animated beings who is endued with superior reason and thought. And what is there, I do not say in man alone, but in all heaven and earth, more Divine than reason?"-Cic. de leg. 1. 1. c. 7.

"The Deity was pleased to create and adorn man to be the chief and president of all terrestial creatures."-IBID. c. 9.

"The human mind being derived from Divine reason, can be compared with nothing but the Deity himself.”—IBID. Tusc. 1. v. c. 13.

"A creature of a more exalted kind

Was wanting yet, and then was man designed:
Conscious of thought, of more capacious breast,
For empire formed and fit to rule the rest.

Whether with particles of heavenly fire
The God of nature did his soul inspire,
Or earth, but new divided from the sky
And pliant still, retained th' etherial energy,
Which wise Prometheus tempered into paste,

And mixed with living streams, the God-like image cast.
Thus while the mute creation downward bend

Their sight, and to their earthly mother tend,
Man looks aloft; and with erected eyes

Beholds his own hereditary skies.

From such rude principles our form began,

And earth was metamorphosed into man."-Ov. Met. I. I. v. 68.

29. And God said, Behold, I have given you every herb bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree, in the which is the fruit of a tree yielding seed; to you it shall be for meat.

"As the parts and members of the mortal body were liable to decay and exhaustion, the gods provided for it the following remedy :-intermingling a nature resembling that of man with other forms and senses, they planned, as it were, other animals, such as kindly-disposed trees, plants, and seeds, which are made useful to us by agriculture."-PLAT.Timous, c. 34.

"The fruits and tender herbage God created for this very purpose, that they might be food for us."-IBID. c. 38.

Man, for whose sake all other things appear to have been produced by nature."-PLIN. Hist. Nat. 1. vII. c. 1.

31. And God saw every thing that he had made, and behold it was very good. And the evening and the morning were the sixth day.

"When the parent Creator perceived that this created image of the eternal gods

had life and motion, he was delighted with his work."-PLAT. Tim. c. 10.

"Plato says of the Deity that he rejoiced when he had created the world and given it its first motion."-PLUT. Lycurg. c. 29.

"God arranged and established the whole world, in which all things are fair and good."-XEN. Mem. 1. IV. c. 3.

"Anaxagoras, who received his learning from Anaximenes, was the first who affirmed the system and disposition of all things to be contrived and perfected by the power and reason of an infinite mind."-Cic. de Nat. Deor. 1. 1. c. 11.

"The works of nature are brought into existence complete and perfect in every respect."-PLIN. Hist. Nat. 1. XXII. c. 56.

GENESIS II.

2. And on the seventh day God ended his work which he had made; and he rested on the seventh day from all his work which he had made.

"The Creator, after arranging all these particulars (of creation), retired to his

accustomed repose."-PLAT. Timæus, c. 15.

7. And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground.

"Natives of the soil." (auróx@ovas)-PLAT. Critias, c. 3.

"One of those men who, in primitive times, sprang from the earth.”—IBID. c. 7. "The paltry body is by nature clay."-EPICT. 1. Iv. c. 11.

"Anaximander affirmed that men were first engendered within fishes, and there nourished like their young fry; but afterwards, when they became sufficient and able to help themselves, they were cast forth, and so took land."-PLUT. Sympos. 1. VIII. qu. 8.

"Earth

To what she now supports, at first gave birth."-LUCR. de rer. nat. 1. 1. v. 1155. "The human race sprung from the hard earth."-IBID. 1. V. v. 923.

"Thus sings the poet's lay,

Prometheus, to inform his nobler clay,

Their various passions chose from every beast,

And with the lion's rage inspired the human breast."-HOR. 1. 1. carm. 16. "Brutus, as if he had accidentally stumbled, fell and touched the earth ; considering that she was the common mother of mankind."-LIV. 1. LI. c. 56.

"When the world was new, and the sky but freshly created, men, born from

the riven oak, or moulded out of clay, had no parents."—Juv. Sat. vi. v.11.

7. And breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and man became a living soul.

"Be of good courage. Mortals are of divine origin."-PYTH. Aur. Car. v. 63.

"If there be anything in man partaking of the Divine nature, it must surely be the soul, which governs and directs him."-XEN. Socr. mem. 1. IV. c. 3.

"We must, at some former time, have learned what we now remember. But this is impossible unless our soul existed somewhere before it came into this human form; so that from hence also the soul appears to be something immortal."-PLAT. Phædo, c. 18. "A man's soul is, after the gods, the most divine of all his possessions."IBID. de leg. 1. v. c. 1.

"This body (says Jove) is not thine own; but only a finer mixture of clay. But I have given thee a certain portion of myself, the faculty of exerting the powers of pursuit and avoidance, of desire and aversion."-EPICT. 1. 1. c. 1. See also 1. IV. c. 11.

"If a person could be persuaded of this principle as he ought, that we are all originally descended from God, and that He is the father of gods and men, I conceive he would never think meanly or degenerately concerning himself. But having two things in our composition intimately united, a body in common with the brutes, and reason and sentiment in common with the gods, many incline to this unhappy and mortal kindred, and only some few to the divine and happy one."-IBID. 1. 1. c. 3.

"Prometheus, when yet no other men were in existence, formed them after an idea which he had conceived in his own mind. Minerva assisted him by breathing a living breath into the clay and giving to his new creatures the soul which they wanted."-LUCIAN. ad dicent. Prom. es, c. 3.

"In the first place all natural philosophers say that man is made up of soul and body."-LUCIL. 1. XXVI. v. 17.

"There is a divine energy in human souls."-Cic. de div. 1. 1. c. 37.

"When the human race was scattered over the earth it was animated by the divine gift of souls, and as men retained from their terrestial origin those other particulars by which they cohere together, which are frail and perishable, their immortal spirits were ingenerated by the Deity. From which circumstance it may be truly said that we possess a certain consanguinity, and kindred, and fellowship, with the heavenly powers."-Cic. de leg. 1. 1. c. 8.

"The soul, that breath of God."-HOR. 1. II. Sat. 2.

"Reason is nothing else but a particle of the Divine Spirit infused into the human body."-SENEC. ep. 66.

"To brutes our Maker, when the world was new
Sent only life: to men, a spirit too;

That mutual kindness in our hearts might burn,

The good which others did to us, to return."—Juv. 1. xv. v. 148.

"As birds are provided by nature with a propensity to fly, horses to run, and wild beasts to be savage, so the working and sagacity of the brain is peculiar to man; and hence it is that his mind is supposed to be of divine original.-QUINTIL. 1. I. c. 1.