be seen on the day appointed for conveying his mortal remains to the tomb. Although it was his wish that his funeral should be conducted in as private a manner as circumstances would admit, it was impossible to resist the application of the gentlemen composing the Royal Court of the island to be admitted to pay the last tribute of respect to his memory. They accordingly attended in a body, as did almost every gentleman of the island. On the melancholy procession leaving his residence, and during its progress to the place of interment, minute guns were fired from Fort George and Castle Cornet. The pall was supported by General Ross, the Lieutenant-Governor of Guernsey; the Honourable Colonel Gardner, Major White of the 70th regiment, Captain De Saumarez, and four other gentlemen. His Lordship's eldest son being prevented by ill health from paying this last tribute of affection to a beloved parent, his second son, the Honourable St. Vincent Saumarez, Captain in the Rifle Brigade, his son-in-law, William Young Herries, Esq., and some other near relatives, officiated as chief mourners. On quitting the gates of his mansion the procession was joined by about a hundred respectable persons connected with the naval and merchant service, preceded by a Union Jack mounted half-mast.

It was witnessed by at least one thousand others, attracted not by curiosity, but respect, who showed, by their decorous and solemn demeanour, their sense of the loss which the whole island had sustained. All the shops were closed, and every one appeared as if they had lost some dear friend or relation.

FOREIGN MISCELLANY.

BELGIUM.

LIEGE CANNON FOUNDRY.

This establishment is one of the largest of the kind in Europe. It comprises two foundries on an extensive scale, and twelve high-blast furnaces; eight more than the largest in France. Besides these, there are two large smithies, with fifteen furnaces, and a large smelting place. The bellows are impelled by five steam-engines. The present director of the works is a Major Frederix, a nephew of General Haguinin, by whom they were restored to their existing state of efficiency at the close of the war in 1816. They were set on foot in 1804, and since General Haguinin took them under his care they have supplied the Dutch Government with nearly 4000 cannon, for land, sea, and garrison purposes. At the present day iron-casting is executed here as well as metal-casting: the former is said to be equal to the Swedish in quality. We may observe that in 1831 three Swedish sixpounders were fired 1500 times each in succession, and upon being afterwards overcharged, two of them burst on the seventh fire, and the third at the nineteenth fire. A twenty-four pounder howitzer, of Belgian make, which was loaded and fired 2112 times in the same year, was subsequently overcharged and fired eleven times, and shows no perceptible trace of injury at its mouth.

RUSSIA.

THE COSSACKS,

(Continued from the last Number of the United Service Journal.)

In former times every soldier was obliged to have his name set down on the roll of the regiment which was quartered in the district in which he

was resident; and on the first summons to repair to head-quarters with his arms and baggage, and march whithersoever he might be ordered. At present the whole body of Cossacks, excepting those of the Ukraine, are divided into stanitza, or districts; and every male, between the ages of eighteen and forty, is liable to military service. A regiment is composed of one or more stanitzas. Each Cossack has his arms, horse, and equipments with him. The order for forming regiments emanates from the War Department at St. Petersburg. The young march first; but men of advanced years are left in reserve for extremely urgent occasions, unless they are anxious to enrol themselves in the first contingent; hence it is that the old soldier with his white beard is not unfrequently seen in the Cossack ranks.

The Cossacks of the Ural, who are a rich and trafficking race of men, procure substitutes from among the Kirgishes, Tartars, and other nomadic tribes; on this account scarcely one half of the regiments is composed of real Cossacks. Those of the Ukraine, as they are not divided into stanitza, and lie scattered in various parts, regulate their contingent according to the number of inhabitants in the district. The recruits they furnish are not subject to the degrading treatment inflicted upon other Russian recruits. They are neither marched in chains nor exposed to minute inspection, but join their regiments, and serve their stipulated period. When on active service in the field this period is unlimited; but in time of peace it is confined to three years, at the close of which they return home and are replaced by others.

Neither the Cossacks of the Imperial Guard nor the body guards of the Hetman or Attaman are exempt from the general rule. The Cossacks of the Black Sea, who are brigaded with the corps of the Caucasus and Georgia, are almost uninterruptedly under arms on field service. The Cossack regiments are subject to the same rules and orders as the rest of the Russian cavalry, and their officers bear the same designation as those of the regular Army. Their pay is likewise the same; only, however, when doing duty in the field or on active service on the frontiers, or at St. Petersburg. The Cossacks of the Don enjoy the exclusive privilege of not admitting any stranger to join their ranks, while they are themselves entitled to enter any other regiment in the service. The military attire of the Cossack is a short surcoat in the Polish fashion, large dark-blue trowsers, and a round cap of black sheep's-skin, with a piece of red cloth pointed at the end falling down on the right side. The horsemen are armed with a long lance, sabre, musket, a pair of pistols, and a whip of undressed leather, called a 'nahaika," which they make use of for flogging their horses, and on occasion as an offensive weapon against their antagonists.

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AFRICA.

CONSTANTINEH.

This town, the Cirta of ancient days, is the capital of the richest and most extensive of the three Beyliks into which the Algerine territory has been parcelled. It is equal in area to Titteri and Mascara. The town lies at a distance of about ninety miles from Algiers, and about forty from the shores of the Mediterranean. Not many years since it had as many as 60,000 inhabitants, mostly Moors and Kuluglis, with many Jews intermixed. It ranks next in size to Algiers, and, in the distance, has an enchanting and picturesque appearance: it rises in an amphitheatrical form on the declivity of a high hill, and is surrounded nearly on all sides by the Rummel, or Wad-el-Kebir, as the Arabs call it; the buildings nearly cover the whole site of ancient Cirta. There are walls and ditches round it, but they are not at present in much better condition than in the

times of Turkish sway; for Achmed-Bey, as is said, has no intention of waiting for the threatened visit of his Gallic opponents, but intends, upon their approach, to flee with his treasures into the mountains. Constantineh has as four handsome gates of red granite, nearly equal to marble in beauty: they are loaded with sculpture indisputably the work of a Roman chisel; indeed, there is no spot in all Numidia so rich as this place is in remains of the Carthaginian and Roman times. Among them is a handsome and finely embellished bridge, which has been reinstated by European skill: the beautiful expanse of plain, also, to the south-west of the town is full of antique monuments, of which I should notice a handsome triumphal 'arch and colossal fountain. Constantineh exhibits a chaotic mass of windowless greystone houses, with terraced roofs; and for its narrow, filthy streets, every way rivals Algiers. The Rummel falls down from the summit of the hill across several cataracts, whose united heights are not short of 500 feet: and from that summit criminals and faithless consorts are accustomed to be cast down into the abyss below. At the foot of the hill are altars bearing Arabic inscriptions, which belong to the Marabout of Sidi-Mimon. They are a favourite resort for pilgrims, and celebrated for the hot-wells which rise from the sides of the hill. On the opposite side of the cataracts is another celebrated spring, possessed of miraculous virtues in the estimation of the natives, and constantly used by the caravans, which leave Constantineh twice a-year for Timbuctu, as a wateringplace for their camels.

Hadshi-Achmet, the bey of this district, appears to be a man of more than common wiliness, more extravagant than Abd-el-Kader in his fanatical prejudices, and nowise behind him in energy of character. He is an inexorable foe to the French, and from their first landing in Africa has resolutely set his face against their overtures. He is a Kulugli, or issue of a marriage between a Turk and a Moorish woman, and of one of the most distinguished families in these parts. Both his father and grandfather were Beys before him. In the contest at Stanneli, upon Bourmont's first appearance, the contingent from Constantineh, under Hadshi-Achmet's command, far surpassed any other Arabian allies of the Turks in obstinate and desperate courage: but he has not shown himself beyond his native mountains since the capture of Algiers. His Turkish followers, in numbers not more than 3000, have, however, occasionally signalized othemselves in skirmishes with Jusuff Bey's irregular horse, and assisted the hostile tribes of Ben-Jakub and Ben-Gamun in their operations against the French in the neighbourhood of Bona and Budshiah. The various btribes who inhabit the Constantineh territory have been notorious from of old for their inveterate hatred to the Christian name, and their enthusiastic devotion to the Dey of Algiers. There cannot be a doubt, therefore, that the expedition which the French are preparing to act against Constantineh will have to encounter a most resolute and obstinate resistance, though the result will, in all probability, be as favourable to the invaders as that of their expeditions against Muskara and Tremaen. The country holds out far greater inducements for a conquest, as it is not only richer and more fertile, but more thickly inhabited, and in a more civilized state, than the beylik of Maskara. In every point of view its acquisition will amply repay the cost. It grows the olive and mulberry in perfection, and includes the great chain of the Atlas, which abounds in metals, particularly iron. Achmet Bey has himself a silver-mine at work, which lies at no great distance from the town.

GENERAL CORRESPONDENCE. derivoT to 29mit

TO THE EDITOR OF THE UNITED Service JOURNAL. MAIʻIEW

Punishments in the 70th Regiment-Colonel M'Grigor in reply to Colonel Evans,

MR. EDITOR, I have read in the Number of the United Service Journal for October last, a letter from Colonel Evans, 70th Regiment, on the subject of corporal punishments in that regiment, wherein he says The year preceding my first taking charge of the 70th Regiment, it had nearly 23,000 lashes awarded, with an excess of crime, and enormous desertion." It would have been as well if, when Colonel Evans stated the number of lashes awarded, he had also mentioned the number actually inflicted; and as it may be inferred that the regiment was notorious for crime and bad conduct, I beg leave to submit a plain statement of what actually took place, and shall begin with the year preceding his first taking 'charge.

1815-under Lieutenant Colonel M'Grigor-number of lashes awarded, 13,250; of which were inflicted, 7219.

In 1816, Lieutenant-Colonel M'Grigor went on leave 25th July; under him, from 1st January to that date, awarded 11,750; inflicted, 21252

Lieutenant-Colonel Evans took charge afterwards, and in the five months from 1st August to 31st December, under his command, there were awarded, 11,050; and inflicted, 5158.

*Colonel Grant arrived in April, or May, 1817, and he remained in command of the regiment till June, 1819; then Colonel M'Grigor again had charge till November, 1820; when Colonel Ottley joined, and the latter officer remained in command of the regiment till May, 1822; when Colonel M'Grigor again had charge, and went on leave 26th May, 1823: from 1st January to that date there were awarded, under him, 300; and the same inflicted, 300.

Afterwards, from 1st June to 31st December, under Col. Evans, there were awarded, 4750; inflicted, 2400. „bita mubod

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In 1824, Colonel M'Grigor returned from leave, and took charge ist June to that date, under Colonel Evans, in five months were awarded, 3200; inflicted, 2125.

Afterwards, under Colonel M'Grigor, in seven months, from 1st June to 31st December, awarded, 2800; inflicted, 1150.

COURTS-MARTIAL-1823.

70th quartered at Quebec. Lashes awarded, 300; inflicted, 300. Under command of Colonel M Grigor.

Defaulters.

33

33

2

Regiment at Montreal, under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Evans. Lashes?

IN 1824.

Regiment at Montreal. Evans commanding. Awarded, 3000; inflicted, 2075.

At Montreal. Colonel M'Grigor back again. Regiment under him. Awarded, 2800; inflicted, 1150.

I admit there was great desertion in the 70th, but not more than in other regiments similarly situated, particularly in 1815. The regiment then was in very bad cantonments at Cornwall in Upper Canada, at a very short distance from the river, there narrow, between them and the American territory. On the peace with the States in April, 1815, the intercourse could not be avoided. In June the regiment moved up to Kingston, a march of 150 miles, along the river, partly performed in boats, and at the time that several regiments which had been on service farther up the country, were sailing down to embark at Quebec for France.

At Kingston, where the regiment was afterwards for some years, that place was inundated with Yankees of the worst description, male and female, from Sachetts Harbour and other places. There was much fatigueduty under engineer and commissariat departments, as well as that of furnishing boats' crews for all services, and for this there was allowed extra pay, extra grog, and whisky to be had at less than 28. per gallon. All this created temptation; and many of the soldiers having near connexions on the other side, may account for more desertion in 1815 than in any other year. The regiment was then under the eye of a distinguished general officer, Sir Frederick Robinson, who was always satisfied with it; and withal the best feeling existed between the soldiers and the inhabitants there, as well as in every quarter in Canada. I don't believe any regiment was in higher estimation.

I do not think it necessary to notice the punishments during the time Colonel Grant and Colonel Ottley commanded, At the inspection of the regiment by Sir P. Maitland, 20th October, 1825, then commanded by Colonel M'Grigor, only 150 lashes had been awarded, and 75 inflicted, from the former half-yearly inspection.

Again, in 1826, at the inspection on the 27th June, only one corporal punishment of 300 lashes had been awarded and inflicted from former inspection.

At that of October, 1826, no Court-martial had taken place from former half-yearly inspection.

It may be mentioned, that after this inspection some men were brought before a General Court-martial, that came from an outpost for desertion, and with some aggravating circumstances, and 1800 lashes were then awarded, of which 600 were inflicted.

A piece of plate was presented to the non-commissioned officers by the