A Pawn, separated from his companions, is rarely able to effect any thing of consequence.

A Pawn passed-that is, which cannot be stopped by the Adversary, except with Pieces, may easily cost one, to prevent it from becoming a Queen; the Bishop Vida saying, that, to such nimble Pawns,

adjicit alas

Gloria præpetibus plantis, et plurima merces.

Pawns too far advanced may commonly be reckoned as lost: therefore, two Pawns at the fourth squares are often of more value than if they were two squares farther advanced; because, being thus at a distance from their centre, they may properly be compared to the dead sentinels in an army.

§ XI.-King's and Queen's Gambits.

The Gambit is made by the Player having the advantage of the first move: a game fertile in snares and deceits; and therefore may easily oppress the incautious. One is called the King's Gambit, and the other the Queen's. The first

This

is made by playing, after the two King's Pawns are pushed two steps, the King's Bishop's Pawn two squares also: the second, after the two Queen's Pawns, at the first move, are pushed also two steps, by pushing the Queen's Bishop's Pawn two squares, in the same manner. last is not so lively as the other; but nevertheless more secure; whereas, on the contrary, he who plays the King's Gambit has a game, lost by its nature as is practically demonstrated in the two last Openings of Part II.; it being very true, that

"Gambitto a Giuocator farsi non lice."

In the attack of the King's Gambit, it is a general rule, that the King's Bishop is the best Piece; and the King's Pawn, the best Pawn.

In the Queen's Gambit, after the Queen's Bishop's Pawn is pushed two squares, if the Adversary take it, it is better for the Player making the attack, to play at his third move, the King's Pawn, one or two squares, according to the different aims he may have in view.

Other notices on these Gambits are given in the preambles of the above-mentioned two last Openings of Part II.

The Piano Game is understood by the Player, having the lead, playing at the first move the King's Pawn two squares: at the second, the King's Knight to the Bishop's third; and, at the third, the King's Bishop to the Queen's Bishop's fourth the Adversary answering the first move, with the King's Pawn two squares; the second, with the Queen's Knight to the Bishop's third, and the third with the King's Bishop to the Queen's Bishop's fourth.

This is the best opening of all others, because the most fertile in subtleties and adventures; which few Players understand in their full extent; and, as these depend on the subsequent fourth move, from which are formed the many and so multiplied ramifications; therefore, for greater precision, in the Second Part, two openings of the Piano game are given.

In the Piano game, it is a move of consequence to push the Queen's Pawn to its extent; and, therefore, to know when it ought to be pushed, and when not, and, if pushed by the Adversary, when it ought to be taken, or when the attacked

Bishop should rather be retired, the following rules may serve for light and direction :

The Queen's Pawn pushed two squares, being commonly a move of attack, is therefore more frequently pushed by him who has the advantage of the first move; as, in consequence of that move, he is master of the attack.

The said Queen's Pawn should not be pushed two squares, unless the Queen's Bishop's Pawn has already been moved one step, which defends it; except in some few cases, which are indicated in the following directions:

Whenever the Player, having the move, has already castled with the King in the Rook's, and the Rook in the King's square, then, if the white Adversary shall take the King's Bishop's Pawn with the Bishop, the Black, having played the Rook to the Bishop's square, ought, as his best move, immediately to push the Queen's Pawn two squares; although, in this case, the Queen's Bishop's Pawn may not have been moved one step, and that in favour of the powerful attack which is derived from it, on the adverse King's Bishop's Pawn and if the White do not take

the said King's Bishop's Pawn with his Bishop, but does any thing else, except castling with the Rook in the King's square, and the King any where; the Black may push the said Queen's Pawn, after having first moved the Queen's Bishop's Pawn one step, as is already supposed, where the contrary is not notified.

When the Black, having the move, has castled with King in Knight's, and Rook in King's square, he may likewise push the Queen's Pawn two squares, intending, if the Adversary take it, to push the King's Pawn another square, on the adverse King's Knight: also, should the Adversary not take it, to push the said Queen's Pawn another square on the adverse Queen's Knight, threatening to enclose it, if it fly to the Rook's fourth, with the intention of pushing the King's Pawn another square; which move ought to be made whenever the White has already castled in the same manner as the Black; but if, in castling, he has placed the Rook in the Bishop's square, the Black ought to retake the Pawn with the Pawn.

When neither Player may have yet castled, the Black may push the said Queen's Pawn to